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Introduction to Nursing Research

Nursing research is an essential component of the nursing profession, aimed at generating new knowledge and improving patient care through scientific inquiry. It involves systematic investigation, analysis, and application of findings to enhance healthcare practices and outcomes. This introduction provides an overview of the key concepts, methodologies, and significance of nursing research.

What is Nursing Research?
Nursing research is the systematic study of phenomena related to the practice of nursing. It seeks to develop knowledge that can be used to improve patient care, enhance the practice environment, and contribute to the health and well-being of individuals and communities. Nursing research encompasses a broad range of topics, including clinical practice, healthcare systems, education, and policy.

1. Introduction to
Nursing Research
Presented by–Prof. Dorothy Deena
Theodore
Principal
Narayana Hrudayalaya College of
Nursing

2. DEFINITION
Research –According to Polit
and Beck (2006) is a systematic
enquiry that uses disciplined
methods to answer questions or
solve problems. The ultimate
goal of research is to develop ,
refine, & expand a body of
knowledge.

3. DEFINITION
Nursing research-According
to Polit and Beck (2006)is a
systematic inquiry designed to
develop knowledge about issues
of importance of the nursing
profession, including nursing
practice, education,
administration and informatics

4. HISTORY OF NURSING
RESEARCH
1850 –1950’s
Nursing research began with Florence
Nightingale. She wrote in her book “ Notes
on Nursing” in 1859. she was interested in
the environmental factors that contributed
to illness and wellness.
In 1858 she was made a fellow of the
Royal statistical society
in 1874 received an honorary membership
in the American statistical society. She
used the data collection and analysis
method to identify the factors contributing
to the soldiers mortality rates.
Following this there were not many studies
conducted. Type of studies conducted were
closely related to the problems confronting
the nurses at that time.

5. HISTORY OF NURSING
RESEARCH cont.
1900 –1940concerned with nurses
education.
The focus was on the topics such as nurse
educationist’s educational qualification and
the clinical experiences of the students.
These studies also identified the
inadequacies in the educational
backgrounds.
the American journal of nursing began its
publication in 1900.
In 1929 master’s degree in nursing was
offered by the Yale university.
In 1930’s the AJN began publishing clinical
case studies.

6. HISTORY OF NURSING
RESEARCH cont.
1940 -1960the studies included nursing education,
and recommendations to start a collegiate program
were made.
studies focusing on the functions of a nurse, the
nurses role, attitude and the nurse –patient
relationship.
3 studies were conducted to assess the reasons for
the nurses shortage.
1950’snursing research grew rapidly with the
establishment of improved education and
establishment of a nursing research centre.
1952 the journal Nursing Researchcame into
being.
the questions asked were: Who is a nurse? What
does a nurse do? Why do individuals choose
nursing? What are the characteristics of an ideal
nurse? What is the image of nursing etc.

7. HISTORY OF NURSING
RESEARCH cont.
1960-1980 focus on the lack of knowledge regarding
nursing practice.
terms such as conceptual framework, conceptual model,
nursing process, and theoretical base of nursing practice
were being used.
1963 The International Journal Of NursingStudies.
1970’s focus on client care rather than self exploration.
Focus was on expanding the nurses base of knowledge
Emphasis placed on the utilization of the research
findings.
The ANA began sponsoring research conferences and in
1971 a commission on research was established
1972 ANA established a council of nurse researchers.
Two more journals came into being. Research In Nursing
And Health , Advances In Nursing Science, and
Western Journal Of Nursing.

8. HISTORY OF NURSING
RESEARCH cont.
Between 1980 –2000 higher level with the information
technology + availability of nurse researchers.
focus on the type of questions being asked.
The link between the research theory and the application
of the finding in practice e stronger.
In the year 1986the national centre for nursing research
was established. (NCNR) the purpose of this was to
promote quality research and to financially support
research training..
In June 1993, the center became an institute, National
institute of nursing research, (NINR).
This was also a period when several journals were
published.
This period also saw the establishment of research
priorities and focus now was on topics such as low birth
weights, HIV/AIDS, interventions for coping with chronic
disorders, health promotion and community based models
and interventions to promote immuno-competence.

9. HISTORY OF NURSING
RESEARCH cont.
2000 and beyond promotion of excellence in
nursing science.
There is a focus on outcome research
The other areas include:
Bio-physiologic research
Evidence –based research and practice
Development of a stronger knowledge base through
replication
Strengthening the multidisciplinary collaboration
Expanded dissemination of research findings through
internet and other electronic media.
Increasing the visibility of nursing research trough
proper marketing of their profession
Research on chronic illnesses e.g.. Diabetes, asthma
etc
Behavioral changes and interventions
Responding to compelling public health issues such
as cancer screening, end of life issues and palliative
care.

10. HISORY OF NURSING RESEARCH
IN INDIA
In 1905 the association of nursing superintendents was
formed .
1908 -the establishment of the TNAI
In 1912. the TNAI was affiliated to the ICN
In 1942 one nursing superintendent was appointed as a
nursing advisor at the DGHS, govt. of India with the
purpose of organizing the nursing service.
In 1943 the nursing administration of the military nursing
service was established. Same year the Bhore committee
was established for the purpose of health survey.
In 1946 the baccalaureate course in nursing established.
In 1947 the INC act was passed.
In 1953 Ms. Edith Buchanan the vice principal of RAK
CON was sent to Columbia to do a doctorate in nursing
education through the WHO fellowship.
In the year 1955 Ms. Margarette Craig. Principal of RAK
CON presented a paper on the need for nursing research
in India at the ICN conference in France.

11. HISORY OF NURSING RESEARCH
IN INDIA cont.
In 1959 Dr. Buchanan started the M.Sc. nursing course at RAK
CON
. In 1963 the WHO assisted project was undertaken to revise
the GNM course. In the same year Ms. Sulochana Krishnan,
one of the first M.Sc. nurse was sent to earn a doctorate in
education from Columbia university.
In 1966 TNAI established a research cell under the
chairmanship of Ms. Margarette Craig.
In 1969 –TNAI along with two other organizations conducted a
study on the socio economic status of nurses in India.
In 1981 Dr. Farell and Dr. Aparna Bhaduri wrote a book titled
“Health Research –A Community Based Approach”
published by the WHO.
In 1986 the nursing research society of India was established
with Dr. Inderjit Walia as the founder president and Mrs. Uma
Handa as the Secretary.
In 1992 the first PhD program in nursing was offered by RAK
CON.
In 2005 the national consortium was formed by the INC in
collaboration with the WHO and RGUHS which is offering a
PhD in nursing, having an intake of 30 students annually.

12. SCOPE OF NURSING
RESEARCH
Nursing informatics: According to ANA
(1994), Nursing informatics is the specialty that
integrates nursing science, computer science,
and information science in identifying,
collecting, processing, and managing data and
information to support nursing practice,
administration, education, research, and
expansion of nursing knowledge. It supports
the practice of all nursing specialties, in all
sites and settings, whether at the basic or
advanced level. The practice includes the
development of applications, tools, processes,
and structures that assist nurses with the
management of data in taking care of patients
or in supporting their practice of nursing.

13. SCOPE OF NURSING
RESEARCH cont.
Evidence based nursing research
: Evidence Based Nursing research
is the process by which nurses make
clinical decisions using the best
available research evidence, their
clinical expertise and patient
preferences. Three areas of
research competence are:
interpreting and using research,
evaluating practice, and conducting
research.

14. SCOPE OF NURSING
RESEARCH cont.
Research to set and maintain standards of
nursing practice: these standards should include
the following aspects:
assist individuals, families, groups and communities
to achieve their optimal physical, emotional, mental
and spiritual health and wellbeing,
assess, diagnose and provide treatment and
interventions and make referrals,
prevent or treat injury and illness,
teach, counsel and advocate to enhance health and
well-being,
coordinate, supervise, monitor and evaluate the
provision of health services,
teach nursing theory and practice,
manage, administer and allocate resources related
to health services, and
engage in research related to health and the
practice of nursing,

15. SCOPE OF NURSING
RESEARCH cont.
Bio-psycho-social nursing: The broad
determinants of health as encompassing
income
and social status,
social support networks,
education,
employment and working conditions,
physical environments,
biology and genetic endowment,
personal health
knowledge,
health practices
coping skills and the health care system.

16. SCOPE OF NURSING RESEARCH
cont.
Primary health nursing: The sub areas include the
following:
a focus on health promotion and illness/injury prevention
without sacrificing
excellence in treatment and rehabilitation
provision of services based on the needs of a defined
population
appropriate use of technology
integration of health services to avoid duplication and
increase continuity and
accessibility for the client
intersectoral collaboration
public participation in design of services and allocation of
resources
establishment of inter-disciplinary teams of health care
providers based on the needs
of the individual, family or community
equitable access to health through the most appropriate
health care provider in the most appropriate setting

17. SCOPE OF NURSING RESEARCH
cont.
Nursing education: includesassessing the effectiveness
of the methods of teaching, identifying, utilizing and
evaluating the effectiveness of the newer technologies
available, preparation of standardized methods of
evaluation. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the selection
criteria in the production of excellent nurses.
Development of a conceptual basis for nursing
practice: Conceptual Basis of Nursing Practice includes
theory development and nursing concepts.
Nursing administration: research on creating a
conducive environment, methods to promote critical
thinking and participation in decision-making among staff
nurses that affects nursing practice. interdisciplinary
collaboration in research. organizational structures and
processes that facilitate both vertical and horizontal
communication.
Management of Health and Illness: This focus is on in-
depth study of the human experience of health and illness,
developmental issues, health promotion, trajectory of
illness, demands of illness, family response and
environments for care. Conceptual and methodological
issues related to self-and family management of illness
and research related to self-and family management of
health and illness.

18. SCOPE OF NURSING RESEARCH
cont.
Health Services Delivery and Policy: As the
health care delivery systems develop increasingly
complex relations within and across all settings, the
need for nurses prepared to influence these
systems effectively becomes more important. This
focus area prepares nurses for leadership positions
in these new settings
Quality assurance in nursing practice:
Development of standardized tools in providing
quality care to clients in the different nursing
specialties.
Cost effective care: identify through research the
cost effective nursing care without compromising on
the quality of care.
Evaluative tool development: develop
standardized tools to measure the nursing
outcomes.

19. PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
According to French (1968),the purposes
of research are as follows:
Discover new facts about a known
phenomena.
Find answers to problems which are only
partially solved by existing methods and
information.
Improve existing techniques and develop
new instruments or products.
Discover previously unrecognized
substances or elements.
Discover pathways of action of known
substances and elements.

20. PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
cont.
According to Dempsey(1996),the purposes of
research are as follows:
Finding answers to questions or solutions to
the problems
Discovering and interpreting new facts
Testing theories in order to revise accepted
theories in the light of new facts.
Formulating new theories.
The ultimate aim is to develop an organized
body of scientific knowledge that is
systematized and that can be useful in
explaining, predicting or controlling
phenomena.

21. PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
cont.
According toPolit and Beck (2006) the
purposes of research are as follows:
Identification and description–here
qualitative research is conducted to study a
phenomena about which very little is
known
Exploration–begins with a topic of
interest. The difference here is that the full
nature of the phenomenon is investigated.
Explanation–the goal here is to
systematically explain the relationship
among phenomenon.
Prediction and control–to predict causes
or correlation between factors.

22. PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
cont.
Other purposes of research are as follows:
Professionalism–one of the characteristics
of a profession is the existence of ones own
body of knowledge. research helps one to
develop ones own body of knowledge.
Accountability–nurse who base their clinical
decisions on scientifically documented
information are being professionally
accountable.
Social relevance–nurses need to assess
their efficacy and modify those practices that
have no relevance or effect on client health.
Decision making–research helps the nurse
make more informed decisions.

23. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
Meaning of ethics
Ethics are norms for conduct
that distinguish between or
acceptable and unacceptable
behavior.
Another way of defining 'ethics'
focuses on the disciplines that
studystandards of conduct,
such as philosophy, theology,
law, psychology, or sociology.

24. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
There are three primary ethical
principles in human subjects
research. They are
Autonomy–respect for human
dignity
Beneficence –above all do no harm
Justice-equality in distribution

25. Autonomy
Right to self determination –
voluntary decision
Right to full disclosure –nature
of the study, risk and benefit
Right to refuse participation

26. Beneficence
Freedom from harm
Freedom from exploitation
Benefits of research
Risk/benefit ratio

27. Justice
Right to fair treatment
Fair and non-discriminatory selection of
subjects.
Non-prejudiced treatment of individuals
declining to participate.
Honoring all agreements
Subjects access to researcher at any
point to clarify doubts
Subjects access to appropriate
professional assistance in case of
damage.
Debriefing
Respectful and courteous treatment

28. Justice cont.
Respect for privacy
Not more intrusive than it ought to be.
Subjects privacy is maintained
Confidentiality maintained
Obtain identifying details only if
necessary
Assign ID no. to each subject
Maintain identifying details in a locked file
Restrict access to identifying data
Destroy identifying data as quickly as
possible.
Report research finding in aggregate

29. Justice cont.
Informed consent
Subject status
Study purpose
Type of data collected
Nature of commitment –duration etc.
Sponsorship
Subject selection
Procedure
Potential risk and cost
Potential benefit
Confidentiality pledge
Voluntary consent
Right to withdraw & withhold information
Alternatives available
Contact information

30. Ethical guidelines in India
Ethical Guidelines for
Biomedical Research
on Human Subjects
INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL
RESEARCH NEW DELHI
2000

31. STATEMENT OF GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Principles of essentiality –human
subjects is considered to be
absolutely essential
Principles of voluntariness, informed
consent and community agreement
Principles of non-exploitation
Principles of privacy and
confidentiality
Principles of precaution and risk
minimization

32. STATEMENT OF GENERAL
PRINCIPLES cont.
Principles of professional
competence
Principles of accountability and
transparency
Principles of the maximization of
the public interest and of
distributive justice
Principles of institutional
arrangements-application are
duly made in a bonafide and
transparent manner

33. STATEMENT OF GENERAL
PRINCIPLES cont.
Principles of public domain-
results are generally made
known
Principles of totality of
responsibility-professional
and moral responsibility, for the
due observance of all the
principles
Principles of compliance–to
the principles.

34. Thank you
Prof. Dorothy Deena
Theodore