PPT on power quality control DFIG based WECS

SOTA report on WECS

1. Research Proposal of the Ph.D. thesis on Design and Simulated Performance Analysis of Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) using Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) Presented by Pradeep Singh Registration No. 42000074 Under the Supervision of ( Dr . Krishan Arora) Associate Professor School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY Jalandhar - Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara , Punjab (India) - 144411

2. Contents Introduction What, How and Why Schematic Diagram of WECS Block Diagram of WECS Classification of Induction Generator Summary of Literature Review Research Gap Research objective and hypothesis Research Methodology Refer ences

3. Introduction The increase in power demand and depleting fossil fuel reserve have motivated the utility and researcher community to find an alternate source of energy i.e. non-conventional energy sources. The non- conventional sources of energy are the wind, hydro, geothermal, tidal, biomass, ocean thermal etc.

4. Introduction Cont ……….. About 20% of the global final energy consumption comes from renewable sources. Globally the small PV based solar cells; micro hydro and wind based small power plants contribute a lot in electrification of rural areas across the world . The use of power electronic converters allows for variable speed operation of the wind turbine & enhanced power excitation. In variable speed operation, a control method designed to extract maximum power from the wind turbine & provide constant grid voltage & frequency.

5. Introduction Cont …………. What is a Induction Generator? An induction generator or  asynchronous generator  is a type of alternating current (AC) electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce electric power. Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotors faster than synchronous speed.

6. Introduction Cont …………. How does a Induction Generator work? An induction generator produces electrical power when its rotor is turned faster than the  synchronous speed . In this, a prime mover drives the rotor above the synchronous speed. The stator flux still induces currents in the rotor, but since the opposing rotor flux is now cutting the stator coils, an active current is produced in stator coils and the motor now operates as a generator, sending power back to the electrical grid.

7. Introduction Cont …………. Why do we need Induction Generator in WECS? Induction Generator construction is like squirrel-cage induction motor as they are cheap, reliable, and readily available in a wide range of sizes from fractional horse power machines to multi-megawatt capacities making them ideal for use in both domestic and commercial renewable energy wind power applications. Induction generator may provide the necessary power directly to the mains utility grid, but it also needs reactive power to its supply which is provided by the utility grid.

8. Schematic Diagram of WECS

9. Classification of Induction Generator Self-Excited Induction Generator (SEIG)

10. Classification of Induction Generator Cont …… Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG )

11. Summary of Literature Review Sr. No. Author/Year Journal/Volume No. Findings 1. Shahram Karimi et. al. (2008), FPGA-Based Real-Time Power Converter Failure Diagnosis for Wind Energy Conversion Systems IEEE Transactions on Industrial Applications, VOL. 55, NO. 12, 4299-4308 This paper presents the design, implementation, experimental validation and performance of a FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) based real time failure of power converter diagnosis of 3-leg fault tolerant converter topologies used in WECS (Wind Energy Conversion System). The presented approach here is used to reduce the interval of time between the occurrence of fault and its removal. In this research it is demonstrated that when there occurs a fault, then the WECS continuously operates under faulty conditions. 2. Roberto Cardenas et. al. (2009 ), Stability Analysis of a Wind Energy Conversion System Based on a Doubly Fed Induction Generator Fed by a Matrix Converter IEEE Transactions on Industrial Applications, VOL. 56, NO. 10, 4194-4206. Here in this paper, the performance of WECS based DFIG is presented which is fed by a Matric Converter (MC). The back-to-back converters used in conventional converter are here replaced by a Matrix Converter (MC). Due to the Matrix Converter input displacement angle being of very low value, there is a reduction in the voltage ratio. So, the maximum achievable Voltage Transfer Ratio is mainly limited by the use of Matrix Converter.

12. Sr. No. Author/Year Journal/Volume No. Findings 3. David Santos-Martin et. al (2009), Providing Ride-Through Capability to a Doubly Fed Induction Generator Under Unbalanced Voltage Dips IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, VOL. 24, NO. 7, 1747-1757. This paper presents the novel control strategy which is dynamic programming power control plus (DPPC+) based on the dynamic programming control on to the effect of unbalanced voltage to the Doubly Fed Induction Generator. From the experimental results it is noted that, under unbalanced grid voltage conditions, the proposed algorithm is used here to control the active and reactive power of the DFIG. DPPC+ has a very robust control system for the wide range of unbalanced factor values, with some of them has high dynamics at constant frequencies. 4. Endusa Billy et. al. (2009), LQG Design for Megawatt - Class WECS With DFIG Based on Functional Models’ Fidelity Prerequisites IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, VOL. 24, NO. 4, 893-904 In this paper the output power stability of a WECS in highly fluctuating wind speeds is proposed. A control strategy is devised to maximize the energy conversion during low to medium winds and to maintain the rated output above during rated winds and torsional fluctuations of torque to a minimum value. The controller proposed here shows the improved performance as compared with the classical linear controller. The main application of LQG is here is that this is used for the purpose of removing nonlinearities in the turbine and provides the control signals for the load mitigation and effective energy conversion.

13. Sr. No. Author/Year Journal/Volume No. Findings 5. Francis A. Okou et. al. (2010), A Robust Adaptive Controller for a DFIG Wind Turbine with Grid Voltage and Frequency Support IEEE International Conference on Control Applications part of 2010 IEEE Multi-Conference on Systems and Control ,572-577 Here in this paper, the main aim is for the regulation of the generator terminal voltage and the speed of the rotor. By using the DFIG reduced order model the controller structure and equations are obtained by the use of back stepping control design method. When there is a change occurs inside the power grid, at that time simulation results shows that the generator is capable of readjust quickly the generated active and reactive power to maintain the rotor speed and terminal voltage constant. 6. Puneet K. Goel et. al. (2010), Modeling and control of isolated hybrid system using wind driven DFIG and hydro driven SCIG European Transactions on Electrical Power Vol. No. 22, 121-139. This paper deals with the design and control of a wind-hydro hybrid generation system employing a DFIG driven by a variable speed wind turbine and a constant speed SCIG driven by a constant power hydro turbine feeding 3-phase, 4-wires local loads. The performance of the proposed wind-hydro hybrid system is presented to demonstrate its capability of MPPT, stator voltage and frequency control, harmonic elimination, load balancing and load leveling. The performance of the proposed hybrid system has been demonstrated under different electrical (consumer load variation) and mechanical (with wind speed variation) dynamic conditions.

14. Sr. No. Author/Year Journal/Volume No. Findings 7. Puneet K. Goel et. al. (2011), Parallel Operation of DFIGs in 3-Phase 4-Wire Autonomous Wind Energy Conversion System IEEE Transactions on Industry applications, Vol. 47, No. 4, 1872-1883 In this paper, work presents the algorithm for the control of two parallel connected DFIGs which are driven by wind turbines (WT) for an autonomous system feeding three phase four wire loads. Each DFIG has separate rotor side converter for the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) through its rotor speed control. The performance of the Autonomous Wind Energy Conversion System (AWECS) was presented here to demonstrate its capability for maximum power point tracking, voltage & frequency control, load balancing, load leveling and harmonic elimination. 8. Mostafa Soliman et. al. (2011), Multiple Model Predictive Control for Wind Turbines With Doubly Fed Induction Generators IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, VOL. 2, NO. 3, 215-225 Here in this paper, for the control a variable speed, variable pitch wind turbine, a multivariable control strategy based on a model predictive control technique is proposed. This scheme is described for the complete operating region of the wind turbine which are partial and full load regions. The performance of the MPPC controller is compared the classical gain of the PI control strategy. Results shows the superiority of the strategy proposed over the whole region of operation of the WECS.

15. Sr. No. Author/Year Journal/Volume No. Findings 9. Etienne Tremblay et. al. (2011), Comparative Study of Control Strategies for the Doubly Fed Induction Generator in Wind Energy Conversion Systems: A DSP-Based Implementation Approach IEEE Transactions of Sustainable Energy, VOL. 2, NO. 3, 288-299 In this paper, for the control of doubly-fed induction generator in wind energy conversion system, three different control strategies are proposed. The well performing control approaches are implemented on a setup based on digital signal processor like vector control, direct torque control and direct power control. The reported results are likely to qualitatively hold for a wide range of DFIG-based WECS and provide engineers and researchers on the subject with valuable insights on the features and implementation constraints of the reviewed VC, DTC, and DPC strategies. 10. Andres E. Leon et. al. (2012), Fault Ride-Through Enhancement of DFIG-Based Wind Generation Considering Unbalanced and Distorted Conditions IEEE Transactions on Eenrgy Conversion, VOL.- 27, NO. 3, 775-783 Here in this paper, to enhance the operation of the wind turbine driven Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) was proposed under the disturbances of the system and by the use of this scheme we have overcome the voltage imbalance, low voltage and harmonic distortions at the point of common coupling (PCC). Double-frequency pulsations in the total WECS active power, electromagnetic torque and dc-link voltage were simultaneously reduced by coordinating the grid- and rotor-side converter controls.

16. Sr. No. Author/Year Journal/Volume No. Findings 11. Shailendra Kumar Sharma et. al. (2015), Single-Phase Power Generation Employing VFC for Stand-Alone Three-Phase Doubly Wound Asynchronous Generator IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 51, No. 6, 4785-4796 In this paper, the work presents that stand alone doubly wound asynchronous generator (DWAG) employed for feeding single phase loads with harmonic compensation. The proposed control scheme for rotor converter (RC) & stator converter (SC) is realized using a digital signal processor (DSP). It has been observed that the developed DWAG system is a good alternative for feeding stand-alone consumers due to its MPPT capability and reduced ratings of VSCs. 12. Shailendra Sharma et. al. (2015), Control of Doubly fed Induction Generator in standalone wind energy conversion system IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, pp 1-8. In this paper, the work presents the control of a doubly fed induction generator in a stand-alone wind energy conversion system to feed three phase four wore consumer loads. This work also ensures load leveling, load balancing and harmonics elimination. In between stator side converter (SSC) and point of common coupling (PCC) a star-delta transformer is used to compensate neutral current and to facilitate suitable choice on DC link BESS voltage. The performance of VFC has been demonstrated through test results under change in the rotor speed and varying loads. The VFC has effectively served functions such as a load leveler, a load balancer, an active filter, a maximum power point tracker and a neutral current compensator.

17. Sr. No. Author/Year Journal/Volume No. Findings 13. Abdeihak DIDA et. al. (2015), Doubly-fed induction generator drive based WECS using fuzzy logic controller Frontiers in Energy, 272-281 This paper presents the control scheme for the improvement of the control performance of the variable speed, constant frequency doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) in the wind turbine (WT) generation system by the use of fuzzy logic controller. The simulation results show that by using fuzzy controllers, the settling time is reduced considerably, no overshoot appears and oscillations are damped out faster compared with the conventional PI controllers. Therefore, the transient response provided by the FLCs has been found superior as compared with the conventional PI controllers. 14. Arup Kumar Goswami et. al. (2016), System Voltage and Frequency Control using DFIG based Wind Energy Conversion System IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON), 766-771 In this paper, the use of two different current control loops on the Machine side converter to supply additional active power during system frequency distortions and to reduce the transients in the stator voltage after clearing the system voltage dips. The proposed new rotor speed controller (RSC) which when connected to the rotor side during the frequency fluctuations is found to supply the additional active power which helps mitigating the deviation in frequency.

18. Sr. No. Author/Year Journal/Volume No. Findings 15. Ahmed Fathy et. al. (2016), PI Controller Parameters Design of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Based on Mine Blast Algorithm IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy ( PECon ) ,740-745 In the paper here, a control strategy optimized by Mine Blast Algorithm (MBA) is applied on a variable speed wind generator (VSWG) system based on a doubly fed induction machine. This is applied to evaluate the optimal parameters of the current PI controller such that obtaining rotor current closes to the desired one, this purpose is achieved by minimizing the sum of squared error (SSE) between two currents. When the control system was not applied, the rotor speed was very unstable but after some time by the perfect tuning of the PI controller with MBA algorithm, results were best in terms of stability of the rotor speed and the wind variation. 16. Om Prakash Bharti et. al. (2017), Controller Design of DFIG Based Wind Turbine by Using Evolutionary Soft Computational Techniques Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1732-1736 Here in this paper, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and bacterial foraging optimization (BFO) techniques are employed to design the controller intended for small damping plant of the DFIG. Here the BFO based PID controller improves system responses in comparison with an open loop system while the PSO based designed controller not only improves the system response but also reduces the percentage overshoot to zero. The obtained result shows that the system using PSO based controller settles down in less time compared to the BFO based PID controller scheme.

19. Sr. No. Author/Year Journal/Volume No. Findings 17. T. Samina et. al. (2017), Dynamic Behavior of Wind driven Doubly Fed Induction Generator with Rotor Side Control for Wind Power Application International Conference on Energy, Communication, Data Analytics and Soft Computing (ICECDS-2017), 2470-2475 This paper presents a control strategy enabling the DFIG to ride through sudden variation in wind speed and to extract maximum possible power from the wind and turning it into electrical power. The grid side converter is used to control the DC link voltage and the reactive power flow while the rotor side converter is used to control the amount of power fed to the grid by indirectly controlling the speed of the generator with the use of PWM converters. 18. N. K. Swami Naidu et. al. (2017), Grid-Interfaced DFIG-Based Variable Speed Wind Energy Conversion System With Power Smoothening IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol. 8, No. 1, 51-58 This paper presents the analysis, design and control of grid-interfaced DFIG based variable speed WECS for power smoothening with MPPT capability. This uses rotor position computation algorithm for the sensorless control through rotor position estimation. Rotor side converter is controlled for achieving MPPT and unity power factor operation at the stator terminals. This is found capable of supplying regulated power in all wind speeds by introducing BESS in the DC link. The performance of this DFIG has been validated through test results for both fixed and variable wind speeds at all possible rotor speeds. Even for short term power demands can be supplied with this proposed DFIG.

20. Sr. No. Author/Year Journal/Volume No. Findings 19. Nouha Bouchiba et. al. (2017), Implementation and comparative study of control strategies for an isolated DFIG based WECS The European Physical Journal Plus, 132, Article No. 334, pp 1-12 This paper presents the control of outputs of the stand-alone system under the variable wind speed and the variations in the load. Here, by the researcher three types of control strategies are applied namely Classical PI Controller, Back-Stepping and Sliding Mode Controllers. Comparing different control techniques, experimental results show that better performances such as precision and stability are obtained using a Back-Stepping controller. The use of a first order sliding mode controller caused the chattering phenomenon which can cause the system instability. 20. Nouha Bouchiba et. al. (2017), Real-time integration of control strategies for an isolated DFIG-based WECS The European Physical Journal Plus, 132, Article No. 415, pp 1-11 This paper presents the Voltage and frequency control of a stand-alone WECS based DFIG in a system which has variable wind speeds and variation in load. Here in this two nonlinear control strategies have been applied that are PI control and back-stepping control in real time. Experimental results show that the back-stepping controller presents better performances then the PI controller, such as precision and stability. Moreover, the obtained results demonstrate that the performances of the back-stepping controller are satisfactory under wind speed disturbances as well as under demanded load variations.

21. Sr. No. Author/Year Journal/Volume No. Findings 21. Abdelhak Dida et. al. (2017), Fuzzy logic control of grid connected DFIG system using back-to-back converters International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, 8 (Suppl. 1). Pp. 129-136 This paper presents the control of the power generation in the variable speed wind turbines. In this system, two back-to-back PWM voltage source converters are used in the rotor circuit in wind energy conversion system (WECS) which are equipped with the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). The results show the superiority of the fuzzy controllers against the conventional PI controller in the stator power transient and steady-state responses. This paper also presents a fuzzy gain tuner of the PI controller in the vector control scheme of the GSC. 22. Hicham El azri et. al. (2018), LQR Controller Design for a Nonlinear, Doubly Fed Induction Generator Model 6 th International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC), pp 1-6 This paper presents a control strategy for wind WECS with DFIG based optimal control LQR (Linear Quadratic Regulator) to control the active and reactive powers generated. The main purpose in this paper is to reducing non-linearity problems to disturbance rejection problems and design of an extended linear quadratic regulator for a non-linear systems. The results obtained shows that the conventional LQR controllers is satisfactory near the operating point conditions but it may not be guaranteed in various operating and especially with constant power.

22. Sr. No. Author/Year Journal/Volume No. Findings 23. Niroj Gurung et. al. (2018), Linear-Quadratic Gaussian based Power Oscillation Damping Controller Design for Doubly Fed Induction Generator IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), pp. 1-5 This paper presents the linear-quadratic Gaussian based state feedback control design for DFIG to damp oscillations in power system. It enhances the capability of DFIG based wind generators to enhance the damping of power oscillation and proposes a design of supplementary power oscillation controller that modulates active or reactive power injection or both based on remote signals. By the use of eigen value analysis and the non-linear time domain simulation, the performance of the proposed technique was analyzed. Both small and large signal disturbances were tested to verify the controller performance 24. M. Ramesh et. al. (2018), Control of RSC in DFIG based WECS using Cascade Feedback Linearization Controller 4 th International Conference on Electrical Energy Systems (ICEES), 341-345 Here in this paper, a new novel cascaded feedback linearization (CFL) technique based on non-linear differential geometry is developed for design of RSC which leads to decoupled currents. From the results it is obtained that RSC has been designed to obtained fast tracking of DC link voltage reference. This effectively demonstrate the correctness of the developed model and their capability to a deviate the disturbances during system disturbances.

23. Sr. No. Author/Year Journal/Volume No. Findings 25. Said Boubzizi et. al. (2018), Comparative study of three types of controllers for DFIG in wind energy conversion system Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems, Article No. 21, pp. 1-12 This paper presents the enhanced control strategy for the Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) based on doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). To produce the aerodynamics torque and to improve the performance during dynamic conditions, a super-twisting (STW) sliding mode control for variable speed wind turbine is used. The results presented show that a sliding mode control method can be an interesting solution for system based on DFIG configuration for wind power conversion. However, chattering effect remains a significant problem with this technique. The obtained results show that STW strategy effectiveness is more attractive in terms of power extraction maximization, energy quality and higher accuracy, compared to more traditional techniques PI and classic SMC. 26. Ifte K. Amin et. al. (2019), ANFIS Based Neuro-Fuzzy Control of DFIG for Wind Power Generation in Standalone Mode IEEE International Electrical Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), 2077-2082 In this paper, an adaptive neuro fuzzy controller (NFC) for DFIG based WECS to operate under standalone mode is presented because it has unique advantage of fast convergence combining the robustness of fuzzy logic and flexibility of neural network algorithm. The proposed work demonstrates the improved dynamic performance under variable wind speed and load conditions by maintaining the stable output voltage. The presented controller is capable of maintaining the constant voltage and frequency at the load end even after the disrupted variation of the required power demand and wind speed.

24. Sr. No. Author/Year Journal/Volume No. Findings 27. M. Vasavi Uma Maheswari et. al. (2019), Active and Reactive Power Control of DFIG Wind Power System by Heuristic Controllers Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies ( i -PACT), pp 1-7 In this paper, a hybrid controller is demonstrated with an active power and reactive power clout of a grid allied DFIG with wind energy conversion system (WECS) employing PI & ANFIS controller and ant lion optimization and fraction order PI controller. In this a PI controller was combined with , an ANFIS controller in order to enhance the power controlling capability at steady state and voltage dip conditions and then the results are combined with FOPI controller tuned by a heuristic Ant Lion Controller (ALC) to strength out the working of a PI controller. 28. Sambasivaiah Puchalapalli et. al. (2019), A Single Input Variable FLC for DFIG Based WPGS in Standalone Mode IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol. 11, Issue. 2, 595-607 This paper presents, for a wind driven DFIG with the battery energy storage (BES) in autonomous mode by using a single input variable FL-controller. This has main functions like harmonic elimination, extraction of maximum power form the wind and compensate for unbalanced load currents. The experiment on MATLAB of the DFIG based wind power generation system is carried out under many conditions like under constant wind speed, variable speed of wind and unbalancing of load currents etc. Some results found from this research paper is that the even under the presence of non-linear and unbalanced loading conditions, the stator voltages and currents are sinusoidal and balanced. Under wide and low wind speed variation , the extraction of maximum power is achieved and also the generated terminal voltage and frequency of the DFIG based WPGS are maintained constant.

25. Sr. No. Author/Year Journal/Volume No. Findings 29. Hossam S. Salama et. al. (2019), Frequency and voltage control of micro-grid with high WECS penetration during wind gusts using super - conducting magnetic energy storage Electrical Engineering, 101, pp. 771-786 In this paper, during wind-gust conditions, a hybrid energy micro-grid with WECS (wind energy conversion system) and diesel synchronous generators were analyzed. The results shows that during wind gusts, the technique proposed is effective to keep the real power transfers to micro-grid at constant values which further results in reduction of fluctuations of the micro-grid frequency and also smoothen out the power output from the Synchronous Generators. 30. Sambasivaiah Puchalapalli et. al. (2020), A Novel Control Scheme for Wind Turbine Driven DFIG Interfaced to Utility Grid IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 56, No. 3, 2925-2937 This paper deals with the PLL based control for the WT driven DFIG connected to the utility grid with a BESS connected to the DC link. Here in this, control method the performance of this was compared with the other control algorithms both in the terms of converter controls and PLL. The performance of this system is found to be robust because the response of the PLL is not disturbed under the influence of grid voltages with offset DC. The results of the simulation presented a very good performance under the wide range of wind speed considering troubles, unbalanced non-linear load connected at the terminals of the PCC and the reference power of the grid.

26. Sr. No. Author/Year Journal/Volume No. Findings 31. Javier Samanes et. al. (2020), Sub-synchronous Resonance Damping Control Strategy for DFIG Wind Turbines IEEE Access, Volume 8, 223359-223373 This paper presents the modelling strategy on the basis Impedance matrix for wind turbines based on DFIG (Doubly-Fed Induction Generator) and which is applied to a wind farm where SSR (sub-Synchronous resonances) were happened mostly. Both the theoretical analysis and the simulation results for a real case study demonstrate that the proposed control strategy for the RSC is able to damp sub-synchronous resonances and stabilize a wind farm for any line impedance compensation level and wind turbine operation point, and does not require real-time information regarding the grid impedance and series compensation level, proving to be an effective and robust strategy. 32. Srikanth Velpula et. al. (2020), Stability Analysis on Torsional Interactions of Turbine-Generator Connected with DFIG-WECS Using Admittance Model IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, VOL. 35, NO. 6, 4744-4755 This paper presents the sub-synchronous based conductance based approach to find out the impact of DFIG-WECS on the torsional vibrations of nearby generators. The proposed approach gives the sub-synchronous conductance based criterion to find the stability of torsional interactions. The DFIG-WECS significantly destabilizes the low frequency torsional modes at high wind speed with high compensation level. The network conductance at all critical torsional modes marginally reduces with SSDC at inner loop of GSC controller compared to other locations in DFIG converter controllers.

27. Sr. No. Author/Year Journal/Volume No. Findings 33. Ifte Khairul Amin et. al. (2020), Nonlinear Control Operation of DFIG-Based WECS Incorporated with Machine Loss Reduction Scheme IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, VOL. 35, NO. 7, 7031-7044 This paper presents the novel adaptive back-stepping based nonlinear control scheme incorporated with machine loss reduction and parameters uncertainties for grid connected doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) driven wind energy conversion system (WECS). The performance of the proposed DFIG-based WECS has been tested and compared with the benchmark tuned PI controller and SMC controller under different operating conditions such as variable wind speed, grid voltage disturbance, and parameter uncertainties. The simulation and experiment results demonstrate that the proposed control scheme exhibits better grip over the rotor side and GSC control compared to the conventional PI controller and SMC by diminishing the error function. 34. Sambasivaiah Puchalapalli et. al. (2020), Design and Analysis of Grid - Interactive DFIG Based WECS for Regulated Power Flow IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications” (2020) VOL. 56, NO. 5, 5396-5407 This paper presents the sharing of reactive power between the two converters of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind energy conversion system (WECS) interfacing with the grid. The system is modeled and its performance is simulated under change in grid reference active power, varying wind speed, sharing of reactive power, and unbalanced nonlinear load. Simulated results have shown that the system gives reasonably good performance under change in grid reference active power, varying wind speed, reactive power sharing and unbalanced nonlinear loads. Grid currents, stator currents and voltages have been found balanced and sinusoidal and their THDs are well below the permissible limits of the IEEE 519 standard.

28. Sr. No. Author/Year Journal/Volume No. Findings 35. Bibhu Prasad Ganthia et. al. (2020), Steady-State and Dynamic Comparative Analysis of PI and FLC in Stator Voltage Oriented Controlled DFIG Fed WECS Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Series-B, 101 (3), pp-273-286 This paper presents, on the earlier days Type-I wind turbine system (fixed speed) and type-II (Variable Speed) were implemented with conventional PI controller. Nowadays, a new Type-III wind turbine system came in operation for its faster operational capabilities under variable wind speed during transients. So, here a comparison is done using PI controller with the Fuzzy logic controller for modelling of DFIG-based Type-III wind turbine system and various control strategies under variations of wind speed. The Mamdani -developed fuzzy logic controller (FLC) will be unable to give a better control action for a broad range of control and operation in power optimization, but Takagi- Sugeno (TS)-developed fuzzy logic-based controller (FLC) can be utilized which can provide a better, wide scope of control on addition rapid variations in wind speed. 36. Joseph S. Sedky et. al. (2021), Voltage and frequency control of standalone Wind‑driven self‑excited reluctance generator using switching capacitors Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology (8), Article No. 6, pp. 1-24 This paper presents a voltage and frequency controller for a standalone wind energy generation system (WECS) based Self-Excited reluctance generator (SERG). Here two methodologies based on proposing two different compensation configurations using two switching capacitors (short-shunt and long-shunt compensation) for voltage and frequency control are used. The values and variation range of shunt and series capacitors for long-shunt compensation are higher than that for short-shunt compensation; these lead to a large variation in the duty cycle of the inverter switches, which requires a complicated control algorithm, and the cost is increased because of the large value of capacitor. Therefore, short-shunt configuration is the best choice to control the voltage and frequency of SERG.

29. Sr. No. Author/Year Journal/Volume No. Findings 37. Rasoul Akbari et. al. (2021) Quasi Self-Excited DFIG-Based Wind Energy Conversion System IEEE transactions on Industrial Applications, VOL. 57, NO. 3, 2816-2824. This paper presents a new configuration of the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind energy conversion system (WECS) employing only a reduced-size rotor side converter (RSC) in tandem with a super-capacitor. The grid side converter (GSC) utilized in conventional DFIG-based WECSs is successfully eliminated. Elimination of the GSC, its filter, and transformer (if any) reduces the overall cost of the system and increases the efficiency and reliability of the system. The proposed configuration is capable of controlling the active and reactive power of the system with the need of only one converter RSC with a power rating of 2.7%. 38. Mohammed Saci Chaban et. al. (2021), Finite-State Predictive Current Control of a Standalone DFIG-Based Wind Power Generation Systems: Simulation and Experimental Analysis Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems, pp. 1-12. This paper presents an improved stator voltage magnitude and frequency control for standalone doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) based wind power generation systems (WPGSs). The proposed technique uses a simple finite-state predictive current control (FS-PCC). In this control method, the switching vector for the IGBT is selected to minimize the error between the reference value and the predicted value of the rotor current. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed FS-PCC offers excellent reference tracking with less total harmonic distortion (THD) in stator voltages and rotor currents.

30. Sr. No. Author/Year Journal/Volume No. Findings 39. Brijesh Kumar et. al. (2021), Comparative Analysis of Control Schemes for DFIG-Based Wind Energy System Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), Series-B, pp. 1-20 This paper presents the comparative study of control techniques which are generally employed for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind energy conversion systems (WECS). Vector control, direct torque control and direct power control schemes are mostly employed to control DFIG-based WECS. This paper highlights the merits and demerits of different schemes on major aspects such as transient condition, dynamic response, steady-state response, power quality, their impact on power network and torque ripple in different operating and environmental conditions. The results of such control schemes have been compared to conclude the recent status and highlight the future prospective for DFIG-based WECS.

31. Research Gap The literature review suggests that the study and design of non-linear controllers like Proportional Integral (PI), Proportional Integral Derivative (PID), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Fuzzy Logic (FL) etc. were developed to stabilize both the grid and rotor side current control loops of direct drive DFIG based WECS .

32. Research Gap Cont ………. But the study and design of controllers with some new optimization techniques needs to be explored to stabilize both the grid and rotor side current like using the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Interference System (ANFIS), PSO based PID controller, ABC based PID controller for Maximum Power Point (MPP) regardless of atmospheric variations, Fractional Order Proportional Integral Derivative (FOPID) controllers, PSO based Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control (FSMC). Therefore, the present work will focus on this research gap.

33. Research Objectives Design of Voltage and Frequency controller for WECS (Wind Energy Conversion System) involving DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator). Mathematical Modelling and Simulation of Voltage and Frequency Controller for WECS involving DFIG. Implementation of Voltage and Frequency Controller by using smart techniques. Sensitivity Analysis of Voltage and Frequency Controller for WECS involving DFIG.

34. Research Methodology The methodology will include following steps for the objectives of this work are as follows: DFIG is gaining popularity due to its property of providing constant voltage and constant frequency despite of variable wind speeds. In the current digital era with advancements in modern power electronics devices variable speed constant frequency operation (VSCF) is becoming more popular and attractive. Taking this into account, with increased penetration of wind power, DFIG generator systems have been incorporated the current study .

35. Research Methodology Cont ………. Mathematical modelling and simulation of the dataset collected on-site from wind turbine located here locally in Himachal Pradesh would be achieved using MATLAB or PYTHON as per the requirement and availability of the resources. Several optimization techniques have been used in the current state-of-the-art by the researchers to carry-out the modelling and simulation of the dataset. The dataset would be preprocessed before undergoing modelling and simulation on it so as to have dataset of interest available with us only .

36. Research Methodology Cont ………. Due to the variability of the wind speed, the power output of wind energy systems varies. The power fluctuation may cause frequency and voltage deviations that result in poor power quality for consumers. There are several traditional methods to mitigate distribution voltage and frequency deviations. The controller design would be achieved on one of the suitable and smart technique available in the current state of the art like PI Controller, PID Controller, Fuzzy Based Controller, ANN based controllers, Sliding Mode Controllers .

37. Research Methodology Cont ………. The main contributions of this research are the design and comparison of the various control laws (PI, PID, Sliding Mode and the Fuzzy Logic) for a wind energy system and the development of control strategies that show their robustness through parametric variations.

38. Timeslines of the Proposed Study   Item Year 2021 Year 2022 Year 2023 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Introduction                         Literature Review                         Objectives and Hypothesis finalization                         Methodology                         Study of the required software                         Data Collection                         Tabulation and analysis of data                         Results writing                         Conclusion and suggestion                         Report/ thesis preparation and submission                        

39. Research Outcomes The main aim of the proposed work is to design a simple, low cost controller which can easily be used to regulate the performance parameters of Induction Generators. Application of the proposed work will be helpful in large scale use of Induction Generators in harnessing the wind energy potential in India, in the districts of Himachal Pradesh and in Himalayan Regions.

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46. THANK YOU