Practical research 2 Lesson ONE Notes.pptx

Practical research 2 Lesson ONE Notes.pptx

1. Practical research 2

2. RESEARCH Research was coined from the word “ cerchier ” which means to seek and “re” which means to repeat. ( Faltado , et al., 1). It is discovering truths by examining on your chosen topics. It is a natural day-to-day activity of gathering information. It may in the form of quantitative or qualitative.

3. TWO MAJOR TYPES OF RESEARCH Qualitative Research – subjective, seeks a human's experience as a narrative. Quantitative Research – objective, seeks to statistically make inferences about a sample to generalize to the larger population.

4. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Is an objective, systematic, empirical investigation of observable phenomena through the use of computational techniques. It uses numbers in stating generalizations about a given problem or inquiry in contrast. It highlights the numerical analysis of data hoping that the numbers yield unbiased results that can be generalized to some larger population and explain a particular observation. The research instrument used in this kind of research is in the form of surveys and closed-ended questionnaires. The data usually obtained from a large sample of the population and is analyzed using statistical techniques ensuring that the conclusions drawn from quantitative research are valid and are representative of the population. Conversely, the end goal of qualitative research is to look for meaning and a deeper understanding of the phenomena as perceived from the standpoint of the participants.

5. The main characteristics of quantitative research are: OBJECTIVE Quantitative research seeks accurate measurement and analysis of target concepts. It is not based on mere intuitions and guesses. Data are gathered before proposing a conclusion or solution to a problem. It explains the cause of phenomena through objective measurement and numerical analysis. CLEARLY DEFINED RESEARCH QUESTIONS In quantitative research, the researchers know in advanced what they are looking for. The research question is well-defined for which objective answers are sought. All aspects of the study are carefully designed before the data are gathered. It predicts and establish relationships and generalized findings. STRUCTED RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS - Data are normally gathered using structured tools such as questionnaires to collect measurable characteristics of the population like age, socio-economic status, number of children, among others.

6. NUMERICAL DATA - Data are in the form of numbers, often organized and presented using tables, charts, graphs, and figures that consolidate large numbers of data to show trends, relationships, and differences among variables. LARGE SAMPLE SIZE. - To arrive at a more reliable data analysis, a more normal population distribution curve is preferred. This requires a large sample size, depending on how the characteristics of the population vary.

7. Advantages of Quantitative R esearch It is objective. Since it provides numerical data, it can be easily interpreted. Quantitative research design is the most reliable and valid way of concluding results, giving way to a new hypothesis, or to disprove it. The use of statistical techniques facilitates sophisticated analyses and allows you to comprehend a huge number of vital characteristics of data. The numerical data can be analyzed quickly and easily. By employing statistically valid random models, findings can be generalized to the population about which information is necessary.

8. 5. Quantitative studies are replicable. Standardized approaches allow the study to be replicated in different areas or over time with the formulation of comparable findings. 6. It uses robust instrumentation, which may yield results that can be generalized to a larger population and other research settings. 7. It allows for greater accuracy data because variables are isolated, manipulated, and rigorously controlled.

9. 8. Results can be replicated, analyzed, and compared with similar studies due to the use of robust instrumentation. 9. Personal bias is avoided because quantitative data are arrived using established procedures.

10. The disadvantages of Quantitative R esearch Quantitative research requires a large number of respondents . It assumed that the larger the sample is, the more statistically accurate the findings are. It is costly. Since there are more respondents compared to qualitative research, the expenses will be greater in reaching out to these people and reproducing questionnaires. Numerical data do not provide detailed accounts of the phenomenon and do not capture accounts of human participation.

11. 4. Much information is difficult to gather using structured research instruments, specifically on sensitive issues like pre-marital sex, domestic violence, among others. Preselected options in a questionnaire do not necessarily reflect how participants truly feel about the question being asked. 5. If not done seriously and correctly, data from the questionnaires may be incomplete and inaccurate. Researches must be on the look-out on respondents who are just guessing in answering the instrument.

12. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Descriptive Research   2. Correlational Research Is defined as a research method that describes the characteristics of the population or phenomenon that is being studied. Is a type of non-experimental research method, in which a researcher measures two variables, understands and assess the statistical relationship between them with no influence from any extraneous variable (Bhat, 2019). 3.QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Involves the manipulation of an independent variable without the random assignment of participants to conditions or orders of conditions.   4. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Is a study that strictly adheres to a scientific research design.  

13. VARIABLES - A re any characteristics that can take on different values, such as height, age, temperature, or test scores. Researchers often manipulate or measure independent and dependent variables in studies to test cause-and-effect relationships. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Independent variables act as the cause in that they precede, influence, and predict the dependent variable. DEPENDENT VARIABLES - Dependent variables act as the effect in that they change as a result of being influenced by an independent variable