Practical Research II: Methodology PPT Pres.

Chapter III: Methodology
Methods and procedures in a research paper.

1. CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

2. WHAT TO DISCUSS: Quantitative Research Designs; Sampling Method/ Techniques Quantitative Research Instruments ;

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This refers to the set of processes that are involved in achieving the goals of the research study – which include appropriate design, sample and sampling technique, instruments used, and statistical analysis.

4. What is Quantitative Research Design? These are research strategies that collect, organize, and analyze numerical data to arrive at a conclusion based on given null hypotheses. Quantitative research can be used in response to relational of variables within the research (Williams, 2007)

5. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN A. Experimental Research Design B. Non-experimental Research Design

6. Experimental Research Design 1. Pre-experimental Research a. One shot case study- A single group is studied at a single point in time after some treatment that is presumed to have caused change. b. One Group Pretest-Posttest Design- the dependent variable is measured once before the treatment is implemented and once after it is implemented. (Price et al., n.d. ).

7. c. Static Group Comparison- A group that has experienced some treatment is compared with one that has not. The observed differences between the two groups are assumed to be a result of the treatment. 2. Quasi-Experimental Research This involves the manipulation of an independent variable without the random assignment of participants to conditions or order of conditions.

8. 3. True Experimental Research it is also known as the “randomized experiment” ( Salkind , 2010). It has the highest control in an experiment, thus, producing high degree of validity of results. It relies on statistical analysis to prove or disprove a hypothesis, making it the most accurate form of research.

9. True experimental design has the following conditions: a. The samples must be assigned randomly; b. There must be a control group; c. Only one variable can be tested and manipulated; d. Each individual sample should be randomly assigned to either control or experimental groups.

10. Non-experimental Research Design 1. Descriptive Research Design It focuses on answering the question “what.” e.g. Describing the results, measuring the average performance of a basketball team or comparing which of the products of a clothing line sells the most.

11. 2. Correlational Research Design This type of research design investigates relationship between variables without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of them (Bhandari, 2021) It measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two or more variable.

12. 3. Other non-experimental designs a. Developmental Design b. Observational Studies c. Survey Research

13. A. Developmental Design used if the aim of the research is to explore how the characteristics of a sample change over time. It has two types – Cross-sectional study and Longitudal study Cross-sectional Study - compares two different groups within the same variable. Longitudal Study - compares the development of the group across different time frames.

14. B. Observational Studies This is used if the researcher wants to provide a quantitative description of a certain phenomenon. C. Survey Research The easiest and most commonly used method of data collection. The researchers collects data from a sample to draw conclusions about the population regarding a certain issue.

15. SAMPLING METHODS/ TECHNIQUES A. Probability This uses randomization that every element of the population gets an equal chance to be a part of the selected sample. B. Non-probability It is a sampling wherein not all elements in the population have an equal chance of being selected as a sample. Some studies require special characteristics that not all elements of the population possess.

16. Probability Sampling 1. Random Sampling 2. Systematic Sampling 3. Stratifies Sampling 4. Cluster Sampling 5. Multi-stage Sampling

17. 1. Random Sampling Also known as fishbowl sampling. All elements of the population have equal chances to be selected as samples. 2. Systematic Sampling This employs the use of intervals in selecting samples which are arranged or with certain identification

18. 3. Stratified Sampling This divides the population into strata. Strata are small subgroups of the population that share similar characteristics. a. Equal Allocation b. Proportional Allocation

19. 4. Cluster Sampling The population is divided into clusters or sections, and then a cluster is randomly selected. 5. Multi-stage Sampling A combination of different sampling techniques is applied.

20. Non-probability Sampling 1. Convenience Sampling 2. Purposive Sampling 3. Quota Sampling 4. Referral Sampling

21. 1. Convenience Sampling Samples are selected based on availability. This is used when samples are rare and costly. 2. Purposive Sampling This sample relies on the purpose or goal of the study. Elements of the samples are chosen based on the characteristics that can achieve the purpose or the goal of the study.

22. 3. Quota Sampling This sampling relies on the standards set by the researcher, or the proportion of each specific characteristics of the population. 4. Referral Sampling Also known as Snowball sampling This is used when the population is rare and unknown. The researcher will look for a first element and will seek recommendations from the first element.

23. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS A. QUESTIONNAIRES B. TEST C. RATING SCALE D. OBSERVATION CHECKLIST

24. DESIGNING RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS 1. Be clear about your objectives. 2. Adapt an instrument, if possible. 3. If there are no available instrument for your study, create one. 4. Do not forget to include consent forms in your instrument.

25. Tips in Creating Online Survey Questionnaires 1. Google Forms 2. Microsoft Forms 3. Online Survey Forms

26. VALIDITY It refers to the ability of an instrument to measure what it is intends to measure. (Educational Psychology, n.d. ) 1. Face Validity 2. Content Validity 3. Construct Validity 4. Convergent Validity 5. Discriminant Validity

27. 1. Face Validity It refers to how the instrument “appears” and is perceived by the respondents. 2. Content Validity Refers to the extent as to how the instrument covered the construct or variable it intended to measure.

28. 3. Construct Validity It is the ability of an instrument to distinguish samples who possess a certain construct or characteristics from those who do not have (Fink, 2010) 4. Convergent Validity This instrument takes two instruments that measure the same constructs and show that they are related.

29. 5. Discriminant Validity Refers to how the scores of the respondents are not related to other variables or criteria that are seen differently.

30. RELIABILITY Refers to the consistency of results or outcome given by the instrument. There are three types of reliability: 1. Test- Retest Reliability 2. Internal Consistency 3. Inter-rater Reliability

31. 1. Test- Retest Reliability When a researcher wants to check whether the scores of the sample are consistent over time, test-retest reliability is to be used. 2. Internal Consistency This type of reliability identifies if the responses of the sample are consistent with the items.