PRACTICAL--RESEARCH--II--MODULE--1-.pptx

Practical Research 1

1. PRACTICAL RESEARCH II Module 1 Week 1-3 Prepared by: ROBELYN D.S. MATIAS, LPT TEACHER – JAPAN-PHILIPPINES INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGIES INC.

2. NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH

3. After this lesson, you should be able to: Describe characteristics, strengths, weaknesses and kinds of quantitative research; Use some new terms you have learned in expressing their world views freely; Understanding the kinds of quantitative research; Infer about the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research; Illustrate the importance of quantitative research across fields; and Differentiates kinds of variables and their uses.

4. LESSON 1 THE CHARACTERISTICS, STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, AND KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

5. WHAT IS INQUIRY? a term that is synonymous with the word ‘investigation’. When you inquire or investigate, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something. You do this kind of examination through your HOTS or higher-order thinking strategies of inferential, analytical, critical, creative, and appreciative thinking to discover more understandable or meaning things beyond such object of your inquiry. Thinking in this makes you ask open-ended questions to elicit views, opinions, and beliefs of others in relation to your research. (Small 2012) INQUIRY-BASED LEARNING

6. WHAT IS INQUIRY? Inquiry is a learning process that motivates you to obtain knowledge or information about people, things, places or events. It requires you to collect data, meaning, facts, and information about the object of your inquiry, and examine such data. INQUIRY-BASED LEARNING

7. THE NATURE OF RESEARCH Research is a scientific, experimental, or inductive manner of thinking. Starting from particular to more complex ideas, you execute varied thinking acts that range from lower – order to high – order thinking strategies reflected by these research activities: identifying the topic or problem, gathering data, making theories, formulating hypotheses, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions

8. THE NATURE OF RESEARCH Research is a natural day-to-day activity for the purpose of gathering information. Research can be a way of life; it is the basis for many of the important decisions in our lives. Without it, we are deluged with information, subjected to the claims of the advertisers, or influenced by hearsay in making sense of the world around us. This informal, experiential research help us decipher the flood of information we encounter daily. Formal academic research differs from experiential research and may be more investigate in nature.

9. Activity: How do I know if a website is trustworthy? Brainstorm definitions of  trustworthy , reasons why trustworthiness is important, and how you might determine trustworthiness. Each team member should search the Web for sites that are questionable and for sites that suggest how to evaluate trustworthiness. Summarize the data and make a  trustworthiness  checklist. Use the checklist to evaluate the questionable sites and come to some conclusions about them. Share the findings within the group and conduct further research as needed. 

10. LESSON 2 Quantitative research

11. Quantitative research deals in numbers, logic and an objective stance. Quantitative research focuses on numeric and unchanging data and detailed convergent reasoning rather than divergent reasoning. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

12. Subjects usually measured once. A descriptive study established only associations between variables. Subjects measured before and after a treatment. An experimental study established causality. DESCRIPTIVE EXPERIMENTAL QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

13. The data is usually gathered using structured research instruments. The result are based on larger sample sizes that are representative of the population. The research study can usually be replicated or repeated, given its high reliability. Researcher has a clearly defined research question to which objective answer are sought. All aspects of the study are carefully designed before data is collected. Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often arranged in tablets, charts, figures, or other non textual form. Projects can be used to generalize concepts more widely, predict future results, or investigate casual relationships. Researcher uses tools, such as questionnaire or computer software, to collect numerical data. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

14. THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND WHEN REPORTING THE RESULTS OF A STUDY USING QUANTITATIVE METHODS: Explain the data collected Report unanticipated events Explain the techniques Choose a minimally sufficient statistical procedure Describe the assumptions When using inferential statistics Avoid inferring causality Use tables to provide exact values Always tell the reader

15. Quantitative data are pieces of information that can be counted and which are usually gathered by surveys from large numbers of respondents randomly selected for inclusion. Secondary data such as census data, government statistics, health system metrics, etc. are often included in quantitative research. Quantitative data is analyzed using statistical methods. Quantitative approaches are best used to answer what, when and who questions and are not well suited to how and why questions. QUANTITATIVE METHOD

16. Findings can be generalized if selection process is well-designed and sample is representative of study population. Relatively easy to analyze. Data can be very consistent, precise, and reliable. Related secondary data is sometimes not available or accessing available data is difficult/impossible. Difficult to understand context of a phenomenon. Data may not be robust enough to explain complex issues. STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES

17. More reliable and objective Can use statistics to generalize a finding Often reduces and restructures a complex problem to a limited number of variables Look at relationships between variables and can establish cause and effect in highly controlled circumstances Test theories or hypotheses Assumes sample is representative of the population Subjectivity of researcher in methodology is recognized less Less detailed than qualitative data and may miss a desired response from the participant IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

18. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Each of these has sub – types. Falling under experimental are these specific types: true experimental, quasi – experimental, single subject, and pre – experimental. Quasi – experimental comes in several types such as: matched comparative group, time series, and counter balanced quasi – experimental. NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH On the other hand, has these sub – types: survey, observational, correlational, descriptive, and comparative research. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

19. QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

20. STANDARDS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE Mental survey of reality Results from social interactions Exists in the physical world Cause-effect relationships Explained by people’s objective desires Revealed by automatic descriptions of circumstances or conditions Researcher’s involvement with the object or subject of the study Subjective; sometimes personally engaged Objective; least involvement by the researcher Expression of data, data analysis, and findings Verbal language (words, visuals, objects) Numerals, statistics Research plan Takes place as the research proceeds gradually Plans all research aspects before collecting data Behavior toward research aspects/conditions Desires to preserve the natural setting of research features Control or manipulation of research conditions by the researcher Obtaining knowledge Multiple methods Scientific method Purpose Makes social intentions understandable Evaluates objectives and examines cause-effect relationships Data-analysis technique Thematic codal ways, competence-based Mathematically based methods Style of expression Personal, lacks formality Impersonal, scientific, or systematic Sampling technique More inclined to purposive sampling or use of chosen samples based on some criteria Random sampling as the most preferred

21. LESSON 3 Experimental research

22. Definition of Experimental Research Experimental research is a quantitative research that treats or deals with the object or subject of the research in a definite or exact manner and determines the extent of the effects or influence of the treatment on the object/subject, then discovers the causes of such effects. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

23. Two groups are involved in any experimental research: Experimental group The one on which the treatment or influence is applied Control group Which does not receive any treatment. The objects or subjects involved in these types of research are chosen randomly or selected by chance, rather than by the decision of the researcher.

24. Based on where the experimental research is done, it is either laboratory research or field research. Your manner of selecting the participants indicates whether it is true experimental or quasi – experimental. The true experimental research absolutely uses random selection in determining who among the participants should compose the experimental group or the control group. CLASSIFICATION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL Adopts a comparative technique in choosing the subjects. The experimental group on which the treatment or condition is applied is not chosen randomly but matched or compared with another group whom you, the researcher, believe as having the same characteristics as the experimental group under treatment. Employing researcher’s influence in sampling or subject selection, quasi-experimental research fails to qualify as a genuine experimental research. Hence, discoveries or findings resulting from this kind of experimental research are susceptible to doubts. (Sharp 2012; Gray 2013)

25. Any plan you have about a non-experimental research must have the following aspects that take place in a sequential manner: Specify the problem or topic of your research. Formulate the research problem or hypotheses. Determine the dependent and independent variables. Select the participants or subjects. Decide on the specific type of experimental research; meaning, whether it will be a true experimental or quasi-experimental research. Conduct the experiment. Collect, analyze, and interpret the results. RESEARCH DESIGN OF NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

26. Usually, participants chosen in a quasi – experimental research are those forming a class that remains as one group incapable of disintegration. The not randomly chosen participants are subjected to any of these types of quasi – experimental research ( Muijs 2011): Matched comparison – choosing a treatment group and another group that has similarities with the treatment group Time-series quasi-experimental research – giving them series of pre-tests and post-tests Single-subject quasi-experimental research – controls treatment and condition applied to just one individual or a group QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

27. “Start by doing what's necessary, then do what’s possible; and suddenly you are doing the impossible.” -Saint Francis of Assisi

28. Thank You! 