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1. Pre – study STUDIO C-D MANADLESHWAR, MP

2. INTRODUCTION Mandaleshwar is a town in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Mandla district of the state and serves as its administrative headquarters. Mandaleshwar is known for its rich cultural heritage, historical significance, and natural beauty, attracting tourists and visitors from various parts of the country. In Hindi, the phrase Maheshwar means "Great God," which is an epithet of Lord Shiva.

3. CONTENTS : 3 1. LOCATION 2. CLIMATE 3. VEGETATION 4. DEMOGRAPHY 5. CULTURE AND LIFESTYLE 6. HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS 7. LAND USE 8. OCCUPATION AND TRADE 9. CONSTRUCTION , MATERIAL AND RESOURCES 

4. 1. LOCATION

5. MANDLESHWAR 5 Mandleshwar  is a town and  nagar panchayat  in the  Khargone district  of the  India  state of  Madhya Pradesh . It is on the banks of  Narmada River , 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) east of  Maheshwar  and 99 kilometres (62 mi) south of  Indore . It is a "Pavitra nagri " as termed by the government of Madhya Pradesh, as it is an ancient town. Coordinates:  22.18°N  75.67°E

6. 6 APPROACHES AND LINKAGES By Flight: 700 km       APPROX- 1 hr 10 min Pune to Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport in Indore Train:16 to 20 Hrs. Pune to Indore- 650 km Local transport or cab to reach Mandleshwar Road:12 to 14 Hrs. depending on route and traffic conditions -Via Train - Via Flight - Via Road

7. TOPOGRAPHY: SOIL TYPE  Presentation title 7      BLACK SOIL     RED AND YELLOW SOIL  MIXED SOIL  KACHARI SOIL  ALLUVIAL SOIL 

8. TOPOGRAPHY: CONTOUR MAP 8

9. TOPOGRAPHY: CONTOUR MAP The district lies entirely along the Narmada river basin with Vindhyanchal Mountain Range in north and Satpura range in the south. The Maheshwari river is in the north of the district and meets with Narmada. 9

10. 2 . CLIMATE

11. TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY Temperature In the summers, Maheshwar experiences very high temperatures with the average temperatures falling with the range of  35 °C to 40°C.  In winter months of November to February, the temperature goes down to minimum value of 3 °C. In Figure 1.0 the climate data explains us that the average summer temperatures reach upto 37°C in the month of May while to a lower limit of 18°C in the month of December. Presentation title 11 Figure 1.0 Figure 1.1 Average humidity in Maheshwar From Figure 1.1 On average, August is the most humid month, at 85.0%. On average, April is the least humid month, at 23.0%. The average annual percentage of humidity is 50%.

12. rainfall Presentation title 12 Annual Temperature and Rainfall The town of Maheshwar falls under the category ‘moderate’ rainfall areas where the average rainfall is 980 mm. From the month of July to September the south western monsoons result in moderate rainfall. The rainy period lasts for 5.8 months. The rainless period of the year is for 6.2 months. The month with least rain in Maheshwar is April and the month with most rain is July.

13. Solar radiation & WIND FLOW Presentation title 13 Sun path chart Global Horizontal radiation chart Wind blows from the northeast during cooler months and reverses direction to blow from the southwest during the warmest months of the year.

14. 3 . VEGETATION

15. VEGETATION Presentation title 15 The most notable trees are teak and Sal (Shorea robusta), both of which are valuable hardwoods; bamboo; salai (Boswellia serrata), which yields a resin used for incense and medicine; and tendu, the leaves of which are used for rolling bidis (Indian cigarettes). Salai                                Tendu                             Teak                                           Sal Bamboo

16. 4. DEMOGRAPHY

17. OVERVIEW: Presentation title 17 To understand the basic demographics of the town let us look at the different ratios with respect to gender, cast, income, etc. TOTAL POPULATION : 12343 MALE: 6252 FEMALE: 6091 LITERACY RATE MALE: 88.45% FEMALE: 74.48%

18. OVERVIEW: Presentation title 18 RELIGION HINDU : 77.83% MUSLIM : 18.58% CHRISTIAN : 1.15% SIKH : 0.49%

19. SETTLEMENT: Mandaleshwar is a historic settlement located in the Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh, India. The town is known for its significance in the region's history and culture. It serves as the administrative headquarters of the Mandla district. Mandaleshwar is a historic settlement located in the Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh, India. The town is known for its significance in the region's history and culture. It serves as the administrative headquarters of the Mandla district. Mandaleshwar attracts tourists and pilgrims due to its religious significance, as well as its picturesque surroundings. The economy of Mandaleshwar primarily revolves around agriculture, with farming being the main occupation of the local population. Presentation title 19

20. 6. CULTURE AND LIFESTYLE

21. CULTURE AND LIFESTYLE CULTURE: Maheshwar is a town known for its rich cultural heritage, especially in terms of its traditional customs, festivals, and crafts Maheshwar is renowned for its traditional handloom weaving , particularly the maheshwari sarees of distinct patterns and vibrant colours Religious Festivals :-  The town has many festivals and celebrations The prominent footfall observed during the  festivals of       MAHASHIVRATRI       NAAGPANCHAMI      GUDIPADWA      TEEZ        NIMAR UTSAV      NARMADA PARIKRAMA      SAMOTI AMAVAS       Presentation title 21

22.      MAHASHIVRATRI Is one of the most prominent festival celebrated there, This is dedicated  to LORD SHIVA and is observed with great        fervor and enthusiasm by the local community . During this devotees flock to the maheshwar temple and the ghats     Presentation title 22 NARMADA PARIKRAMA Is  a cultural and traditional manifestation of devotion to Narmada . The Parikrama is an adventurous spiritual journey around the sacred river . The pariktrama typically covers the rivers source at amarkanthak and then follows it path to mp gujrat and maharasthra . NIMAR UTSAV Nimar utsav is celebrated in span of 3 day cultural festival held in november   Includes  music dance drama boating and canoeing

23. Arts and Crafts Maheshwar has a long-standing tradition of craftsmanship, especially in weaving and handloom industries.   Apart from textiles, Maheshwar artisans also excel in crafting accessories such as scarves, stoles, dupattas, and home furnishings. Hand block printing is a popular craft technique in Maheshwar, where wooden blocks carved with intricate designs are used to stamp patterns onto fabric. Zari and Zardozi embroidery techniques are also practiced in Maheshwar, adding embellishments to fabrics like sarees and garments. Presentation title 23

24. Cuisine :  The cuisine of Maheshwar is influenced by both local and regional flavors. Traditional dishes like poha, jalebi, kachori, and bhutte ki kees are popular among the locals and visitors alike.  Some of them being malpua , bhutte ki kees and dalbafla Exploring the local food scene is a great way to immerse oneself in the rich culinary heritage of the town. Presentation title 24

25. CULTURE AND LIFESTYLE LIFESTYLE:- RELIGIOUS PRACTICES:- Religion is an integral part of daily life in Maheshwar. The town  has number of temples and ghats along the Narmada River, where people gather for prayers, rituals, and religious ceremonies. RURAL ECONOMY:- Agriculture and small-scale industries form the backbone of the local economy in Maheshwar.  Handloom weaving and textile production also contribute significantly to the town's economy. CLOSE KNIT COMMUNITY:-  People often coming together for social gatherings, festivals, and community events.  The sense of camaraderie and mutual support enhances the quality of life in the town. Presentation title 25

26. INFERENCE Highest footfall during the most prominent festivals  Higher sense of community . Rich cultural heritage. Presentation title 26 RELIGION  % HINDU 77.86% MUSLIM 20.7% CHRISTIAN 0.11% SIKH 0.35% BUDDHIST 0.02% JAIN 0.91% OTHER 0.02% While Hinduism is the predominant religion in Maheshwar, the town embraces diversity and harmony,

27. Gangur festival Narmada jayanti Ram mandir Narmada temple

28. 7. HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURAL style

29. HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURE Maheshwar, situated on the banks of the sacred Narmada River in Madhya Pradesh, India, holds a rich blend of architectural and historical significance.  Maheshwar gained prominence during the rule of Ahilyabai Holkar (1767-1796).  The town served as the capital of the Holkar dynasty in the Malwa region. Under Ahilyabai's rule, Maheshwar thrived as a center of trade, commerce, and culture. Maheshwar, has a blend of Maratha and Rajput architectural styles . Key highlights include Ahilya Fort with intricate carvings, ancient temples like Maheshwar Temple, picturesque river ghats, Queen Ahilyabai's memorial chhatri, and thoughtful city planning.

30. HISTORY Maheshwar, a town located on the bank of Narmada river. Formerly known as Mahishmati capital of the king Kartivarjun .   Rani Ahilyadevi Holkar was at the forefront of rejuvenation of Maheshwar. Also famous for the great debate between Pandit Madan Mishra and Jagatguru Adi Shankaracharya which took place at the Raj Rajeshwar temple. Mythological references : King Sahasrajuna and Ravana 30

31. AHILYESHWAR TEMPLE Maheshwar Fort houses several temples dedicated to different incarnations of Lord Shiva.   Ahilyeshwar Temple is one of those temples dedicated to Lord Shiva in Maheshwar. Lies on the banks of the sacred Narmada river, it is one of the biggest and oldest temples in Maheshwar. The sanctum santorum has a Lord Shiva statue with Nandi. Even though this temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva, pillars have statues of Dashavatar of Vishnu. Besides the shrine of Shiva, the temple also enshrines a deity of Lord Rama. The Ahilyeshwar temple complex consist of cenotaph and a temple. Complex ascends towards town and descends towards the river and intricately carved entrances. There are layers of steps which flows downwards to the courtyard facing Vithoji Rao temple. There is even an inscription of 16 lines at the entrance of the temple that states that the temple was built in the honor of  Punyashlok Ahilyabai Holkar by Maharani  Krishnabai  on the wish of Maharaja Yashwantrao Holkar.  31

32. AHILYESHWAR SHVALAYA 32 The larger of the two cenotaphs belong to Ahilya Bai and was commissioned by her daughter Krishna Bai.  It is also known as Ahilyeshwar Shivalaya since the inner sanctum has a ‘ shivalinga ’, along with a statue of Ahilya Bai.  The cenotaph is designed as a pillared ‘ mandapa ’ built in the Nagara style and stands on a raised platform with beautiful floral and geometric friezes on its side. Its towering black curvilinear tower is capped with a brass finial

33. ARCHITECTURAL STYLE  It was Ahilyabai Holkar who got the beautiful ghats of Maheshwar built.  The  Maheshwar fort , which is also called Ahilya Fort , was built during her rule. Ghats were paved and a beautiful water front was created.  The interesting part of the story is that She hired two architects from Rajasthan for the design and construction of the buildings that we see today.   Bhujdar  and  Gajdar  two brother turned Maheshwar fort into a  Rajasthai  Haveli  with the use of  Chattris , Jalis  and typical stone carving, arches and balconies. 33 33

34. ARCHITECTURAL STYLE 34 Stone Carvings: Elaborate stone carvings adorn the temple walls, depicting mythological scenes, deities, and intricate patterns. These carvings showcase the craftsmanship of the artisans.​ The design details of carvings are elephants and the soldiers of the Royal army. 

35. 35 At the centre  of courtyard there is a islamic  looking beautiful domed structure this the chhatri  or cenotaph of Vithoji Rao   The  Ahilyeshwar  temple complex consist of cenotaph and a temple. Complex ascends towards town and descends towards the river and intricately carved entrances.   There are layers of steps which flows downwards to the courtyard facing  Vithoji  Rao temple.   The elephant carved on the plinth are handmark  of holkar   architrecture   VITHOJI RAO CHHATRI

36. 36 The Ahilyeshwar temple complex consits of multifoil arches This style of arch was common in Moorish style architecture The arches eveloved during rule of shahjhan are similar arches present in ahileshwar complex  Arches are built in red sandstone from quarries of rajasthan while arches built by shahjan are of marble from jodhpur Provides greater visual pattern and rhythym The intrest in façade is createdusing jharokha at centre of arches at first floor level. ARCHES AND JHAROKHAS

37. 37 Pillared Mandapa: The temple features a pillared mandapa, which serves as an assembly hall or gathering space. These pillars are intricately carved and add to the temple’s grandeur   Shikhara: The temple’s shikhara (tower) stands tall, emphasizing its sacred presence. The design of the shikhara is a key feature, reflecting the temple’s   Nagara architectural style. PILLARS AND SHIKHARS

38.  AHILYA DEVI FORT  38 Maheshwar was the capital of the Malwa region during the Maratha Holkar dynasty till 1818  Maharani Ahilyabai Holkar ruled here from 1765 to 1796  She was born in a village in Ahmednagar, Maharashtra. The king of the Holkar territory, Khande Rao Holkar married Ahilyabai at the age of 8.  By 29, she was a widow and almost committed sati. But her father in law, Malhar Rao Holkar refused for her to participate in the custom. When her father-in-law died, she was later elected to rule the kingdom. 

39. Maharani Ahilyabai Holkar ruled here from 1765 to 1796 and built Ahilya Wada, her personal residences, offices, and darbaar audience hall, within the fort.                              At the height of her rule, Devi Ahilya controlled half of Madhya Pradesh. It was she who moved the capital from Indore to Maheshwar and built the stunning Ahilya Fort on the banks of the Narmada River.                                                                                                                                                                 39  Devi Ahilya’s rajwada in Maheshwar was a modest home – simple and elegant More than half of the palace has been converted into a luxury heritage hotel In the year 2000, Prince Richard Holkar. The area open to tourists include the durbar hall where Devi Ahilya conducted meetings with the administration and the aangan (courtyard), both on the ground level.

40. 40 At the height of her rule, Devi Ahilya controlled half of Madhya Pradesh. It was she who moved the capital from Indore to Maheshwar and built the stunning Ahilya Fort on the banks of the Narmada River.                                                                She built schools and colleges and communities lived in harmony.

41. BY THE NARMADA GHAT  41 Walking out of the Ahilyeshwar Temple door leads to a flight of steps, leading to the Narmada ghat. One of the gate of the fort is ' Paani Darwaja' as an entrance from the Narmada river. Narmada ghat is also called as Ahilya Ghat. List of Activities- Narmada Aarti, people coming for a sacred dip, pooja activities and lighting of lamps.

42. HERITAGE 42 • Ghats and Temples: The town has several ancient ghats (riverfront steps) and temples like Narmada Kshipra Sangam, Kaleshwar Temple, and Raj Rajeshwar Temple dating back centuries. • Havelis and Chowks: Intricate traditional havelis (mansions) like Baggi Haveli, along with heritage chowks (public squares) dot the town. • Ahilya Fort: Built in the 18th century by Queen Ahilyabai Holkar, this fort complex overlooks the Narmada and houses palaces, temples, and galleries. Architectural Heritage :

43. HERITAGE 43 2. Handloom Weaving Tradition: Maheshwari Sarees: The exquisite Maheshwari sarees, woven with cotton and silk, featuring zari brocades are an iconic textile heritage. Weaving Clusters: Traditional handloom weaving clusters like Mangad Mohalla have existed for centuries, passed down generations. 3. Culinary Heritage: Maheshwari Cuisine: The local cuisine features unique vegetarian dishes like Maheshwari Dal, Patashe ki Subzi , and sweets like Murali and Rasmallai . 4. Craft Heritage: Zari Work: Intricate zari (gold/silver thread) weaving and brocading crafts are practiced in Maheshwar. Terracotta: The town is known for its finely crafted terracotta artifacts.

44. LAND USE 8.

45. LAND USE RESIDENTIAL COMMERTIAL INDUSTRIAL 1) Maximum percentage is occupied by residential sector in the central zone. 2) A linear arrangement of commercial sectors (small scale retail and utility shops) can be seen, in the form of a lane that passes through the Centre of the residential sector. 3) Industries are very few in number, with a small sector occupied by a tea production plant in the upper zone, far from the river. 4) Most of the Semi Public areas are concentrated near the ghat , since the ghat works as a public meeting zone for the people of the town. 5) A large portion of public amenities is also close to the State Highway 38, for easy access. 6) The whole ghat serves as a recreational zone for the town, and also along the small reservoir that passes for the Narmada river, through the town.

46. AGRICULTURAL AND NON-AGRICULTURAL AREA In Maheshwar, a town located in Madhya Pradesh, the percentage of agricultural land is not explicitly mentioned in the available data. However, some context about agriculture in Madhya Pradesh: Madhya Pradesh is primarily an agricultural state , with more than half of its population engaged in agriculture and its allied sectors. The state has remarkable agricultural diversity due to its wide range of climate and soil types. Each of its 11 agro-climatic zones has unique cropping patterns and inherent challenges. The rice-wheat cropping system is followed in the Kymore Plateau & Satpura Hills zone, while the Central Narmada Valley & Vindhya Plateau mainly grows wheat. Other zones follow different cropping patterns such as wheat-jowar and cotton-jowar

47. In Maheshwar, a town located in Madhya Pradesh, the land use pattern reveals interesting insights. Let’s break it down: 1. Geographical Area : The total geographical area in Madhya Pradesh is approximately 30.8 million hectares . Among the districts, Chhindwara boasts the maximum geographical area of 11.85 lakh hectares , while Bhopal has the minimum geographical area of 2.78 lakh hectares. 2. Forest Cover : Around 28% of the state’s geographical area is covered by forests, which amounts to approximately 85.87 lakh hectares . The district of Mandla has the largest area under reserve forest (around 5.93 lakh hectares), while Ujjain has the smallest area under reserve forest (only 3149 hectares).It’s important to note that maintaining a 33% forest cover is crucial for environmental balance and optimal rainfall. Efforts should focus on intensifying green cover in existing forest areas and planting trees in shrub-jungles, village wastelands, and farms across districts. 3. Land Not Available for Cultivation : The barren and uncultivable land, as well as land used for non-agricultural purposes, amounts to approximately 34.60 lakh hectares in 2011-12 (compared to 32.00 lakh hectares in 1999-2000).Unfortunately, this area has been increasing over the past 12 years, despite various land development programs. 4. Cultivable Waste Land : The area classified as cultivable wasteland was 10.55 lakh hectares in 2011-12, showing a slight increase from 10.24 lakh hectares in 1999-2000. In summary, Maheshwar and Madhya Pradesh face the challenge of balancing agricultural needs, forest conservation, and sustainable land use. Efforts to protect forests and manage non-agricultural land effectively are essential for the well-being of both humans and the environment

48. BUILDING TYPOLOGIES RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS 1.Maheshwar shivalay 2. Shiv mandir 3.Someshwar mandir 4.Shri digambar jain mandir 5.Mahalakshmi mandir 6.Shree 1008 digambar jain parshvnath mandir 7. Prachin vrudha kaleshwar mandir 8. Shree pandharinath mandir 9. Shiv mandir(holkar chatri) 10. Jagannath dham mandir 11. Kaleshwar mandir 12. Ahilya bai mandir 13. Shri ahilyeshwar temple 14. Old kashi Vishwanath temple 15. Shri til baneshwar temple 16. Maheshwar ghat 17. Shri kashi Vishwanath temple 18. Shastabahu arjun temple 19. Shri raj Rajeshwar temple 20. Chintamani ganpati mandir INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS 1.Bagra hospital 2.Homeopathy hospital 3.Pashu hospital 4.Government hospital 5.Ambika hospital 6.Suyash clinic 7.Shri vishnu shri hospital 8.Government school 9. Government museum COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS 1.Hotel shri banke bihari palace 2. hotel royal residency 3. Hotel mahishmati palace 4. Hotel Sanginee 5. Hotel Pancharatn Palace 6. Hotel Rewa Residency

49. BASE MAP, MAHESHWAR, MP LANDMARKS Since the town of Maheshwar is one of the very few pilgrimage towns of Madhya Pradesh, majority of its landmarks are temples . Due to this, the dominance of various other society related areas reduces. Other landmarks are all the common spaces such as bus stations, police station, school, etc. Mostly all of these landmarks are located on the southern bank of the River Narmada and also that these are the only recreation areas for the local residents of the town. Unlike other examples that fall into the urban fabric that have buildings and squares as their landmarks, Maheshwar stays only to all Its public buildings only.

50. BASE MAP - ROADS AND HIGHWAYS

51. BASE MAP - ROADS AND RAILWAYS

52. OCCUPATION AND TRADE 9.

53. Presentation title 53               OCCUPATION  AGRICULTURE The major occupation of people in Madhya Pradesh is agriculture. Agriculture: With 49% of the land of the state being cultivable, it is known for its production of rice, wheat, java, gram, soybean, sugarcane and cotton. The population involved in agriculture is around 70%

54. Presentation title 54               OCCUPATION  MAHESHWARI SAREES Maheshwar is the home of one of India’s finest handloom fabric traditions. It is noted as a center for weaving colourful Maheshwari sarees. weavers from Mandu and Surat were hired and Maheswari saree and turban were weaved. These sarees were worn by female members of the royal court

55. 55 Presentation title                 TRADE  Trade in Maheshwar primarily involves the production and sale of Maheshwari sarees, a traditional handloom weaving craft.  This trade occurs through local markets, where weavers sell directly or to vendors.  Additionally, wholesale traders buy in bulk for distribution to retailers across India and abroad.  Cooperative societies assist in production coordination and marketing, often collaborating with retail chains and exporters.  Online platforms have also become popular for selling Maheshwari sarees, expanding their reach globally.  Overall, trade in Maheshwar blends traditional methods with modern distribution channels to cater to domestic and international markets. Courtesy: rewahandloom.com

56. Construction, material and resources 10.

57. Construction materials of existing structures  Structures in Maheshwar are built in materials such as :    BLACK SANDSTONE                           RED SANDSTONE FROM                                LIME MORTAR  FROM NARMADA                                        RAJASTHAN GHATS                                                         

58. 58 MOST OF THE PART OF THE TEMPLE COMPLEX CONSISTS OF RANGE TYPE OF STONEWORK. MAIN MATERIAL USED IS SANDSTONE. RED SANDSTONE  ARE SEEMED TO BE IMPORTED FROM RAJASTHAN  AND BLACK SANDSTONE FROM  NARMADA GHATS . EACH STONE APPEARS TO BE MADE IN SUITABLE SHAPE AND SIZES IN THE STONE QUARRY ITSELF FOR THE EASE OF IMPORTING. THE FACING OF STONE BLOCKS ARE OBTAINED BY BUSH HAMMERING FINISH. USE OF MORTAR IN STONE JOINERY AND IT IS A RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY. IRON JOINTS ARE ALSO USED AT THE ENDS OF FLOOR LEVELS TO BEAR THE PRESSURE OF THE END STONES. STUDY OF STONE MASONRY IN AHILYESHWAAR TEMPLE COMPLEX         USE OF RANGE TYPE STONEWORK                  USE OF RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY 

59. Geological Conditions Maheshwar, situated in Madhya Pradesh, exhibits diverse geological features that contribute to its unique landscape. Here's a detailed overview of the geological conditions in the area: 1. *Deccan Trap Formation*: Maheshwar is situated within the Deccan Plateau, which is primarily composed of basaltic rock formations known as the Deccan Traps. These formations originated from successive volcanic eruptions millions of years ago, resulting in extensive lava flows that covered large parts of central India. 2. *Basaltic Rock*: Basalt, a type of volcanic rock, dominates the geological composition of Maheshwar and the surrounding region. It is typically dark in color and forms rugged terrain, cliffs, and rocky outcrops. 3. *Sedimentary Rocks*: Alongside basaltic formations, Maheshwar also features sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and shale. These rocks often occur in layers, reflecting different geological periods and environmental conditions over time. 59

60. Geological Conditions 4. *Narmada River*: The Narmada River, flowing near Maheshwar , has played a crucial role in shaping the local geology. Erosion caused by the river has exposed various rock formations and created riverine landscapes, including cliffs, gorges, and alluvial plains. Additionally, sedimentary deposits carried by the river contribute to the fertile soil in the surrounding areas. 5. *Structural Geology*: The region may exhibit various structural features such as faults, folds, and fractures, which influence the distribution and orientation of rock formations. These structural elements contribute to the overall geological complexity of the area. 6. *Geomorphology*: The combination of geological processes, including weathering, erosion, and tectonic activity, has resulted in diverse landforms in and around Maheshwar . These landforms range from plateaus and valleys to escarpments and river terraces, providing habitats for diverse flora and fauna. Overall, the geological conditions of Maheshwar reflect a complex interplay of volcanic activity, sedimentation, and erosion processes over millions of years, shaping the region's natural landscapes and geological heritage. 60