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1. APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY ASIGNMENT WORK TOPIC - PREBIOTICS AND PROBIOTICS NAME - SREJA PAUL REGS NO .- 20180402035 COURSE - PG LIFE SCIENCE

2. INTRODUCTION • Microflora of the large intestine complete digestion through fermentation, protect against pathogenic bacteria and stimulate the immune system. PREBIOTICS and PROBIOTICS in the diet can modify the comparison and metabolic activities of the microflora. • PROBIOTICS appear effective in treatment of childhood diarrhea, post-antibiotic diarrhea, and pouchitis . • They affect immune modulation and there are varied but encouraging results in vaginosis, IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome) and IBD ( Inflammatory Bowel Disease). • Both prebiotics and probiotics play an integral part in the body’s functioning particularly in the restoration of the balance of the bacteria in the intestinal tract.

3. • PREBIOTICS are simply referred to as a dietary fiber or carbohydrates that acts as the food of probiotics. This is why it triggers bacterial growth and activity in the intestinal microflora. Therefore, it promotes good health of the host. • PROBIOTICS are defined as live microbes which are beneficial to its host. They are also called “GOOD BACTERIA” or “FRIENDLY BACTERIA”. • Latin word PRO means “for” and the Greek word BIOS means “life”.

4. HISTORY The term “PROBIOTICS” was first introduced in 1965 by Lilly and Stillwell. In contrast to antibiotics, probiotics were defined as microbiologically derived factors that stimulate the growth of other organisms. The concept of PROBIOTICS evolved at the end of the 20 th century from an hypothesis first proposed by a Nobel prize winning Russian scientist Elie Metchnikoff. (1845-1916)

5. • In early 1930s, in Japan, Minoru Shirota, developed a fermented milk product called YAKULT(Probiotic yoghurt-like product made by fermenting a mixture of skimmed milk with a special strain of Lactobacillus casei shirota . • A Bifidobacterium was first isolated by Henry Tissier of the Pasteur Institute from a breast-fed infant, and he named the bacterium Bacillus bifidus communis. Tissier claimed the bifidobacterium would displace the prokaryotic bacteria that cause diarrhea and recommended the administration of Bifidobacterium to infants suffering from these symptoms.

6. Definitions used by the International Scientific Association for PROBIOTICS and PREBIOTICS PROBIOTICS - Live microbes that confer a health benefit on the host when administrated in adequate amounts. PREBIOTICS - Selectively fermented ingredients that results in specific changes in the composition and/or the activity of gut microbiota.

7. PROBIOTICS » Probiotics are live microbes that can be formulated into many different types of products, including foods , drugs and dietary supplements. » Species of LACTOBACILLUS and BIFIDOBACTERIUM are most commonly used as probiotics , but the yeast like Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces boulardii and E.coli and bacillus species are also used as probiotic supplements. » For a microbe to be called a probiotic, it must have several characteristics. These include being able to: Be isolated from a human. Survive in your intestine after ingestion (being eaten). Have a proven benefit to you. Be safely consumed.

8. LACTOBACILLUS • There are more than 50 species of lactobacillus. • Foods that are fermented like yogurt and dietary supplements also contain this bacteria. • It helps in preventing yeast infections, Urinary tract infections, IBS, Traveler’s diarrhea, Diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile, Lactose intolerance, Skin disorders (fever blisters, eczema, acne), and prevention of respiratory infections. • The most commonly used Lactobacillus species as probiotics are - Lactobacillus acidophilus , Lactobacillus rhamnosus , Lactobacillus casei , Lactobacillus johnsoni etc.

9. BIFIDOBACTERIA • There are approximately 30 species of bifidobacteria . • They are found in intestinal tract within days of birth, especially in breastfed infants. • They help in the improvement of abdominal pain, bloating, bowel dysfunction, incomplete evacuation, straining, and the passage of gas. The most commonly used species of Bifidobacterium as probiotics are – B.infantis , B.adolescentis , B.bifidum , B.thermophilus etc.

10. SACCHAROMYCES • The only yeast probiotic. • It is effective in treating diarrhea associated with the use of antibiotics and Traveler’s diarrhea. • It has also been reported to prevent the reoccurrence of Clostridium difficile, to treat acne, and to reduce side effects of treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection. The most commonly used Yeasts as probiotics are – Saccharomyces boulardii , S.cerevisiae , S.carlsbergenesis etc .

11. STREPTOCOCCUS • This produce large quantities of the enzyme Lactase, making it effective. • It helps in prevention of Lactose intolerance. • Commonly used species of Streptococcus includes – S.lactis , S.cremonis , S.thermophilus , S.alivarius .

12. PROPERTIES OF EFFECTIVE PROBIOTICS • Non-pathogenic • Non toxic • Anti-inflammatory • Antimutagenic • Immunostimulatory • Able to attach to the intestinal epithelia and colonize • Able to utilize the nutrients and substrates in a normal diet • Able to survive the passage through the digestive system ( Good viability)

13. SOURCES OF PROBIOTICS

14. PRODUCTION OF PROBIOTICS

15. Probiotics for enhancing gut health

16. MODE OF ACTION OF PROBIOTICS

17. DIAGRAMMAIC REPRESENTATION OF THE PROBIOTIC ACTION

18. ► How probiotics work? • COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION ▪ Direct effect ▪ Increases bacterocidal effects ▪ Increases mucin production ▪ Decreases pH • EPITHELIAL BARRIER ▪ Decreases bacterial translocation ▪ Decreases antigen translocation • INNATE IMMUNITY ▪ Increases antibody response ▪ Stimulation of phagocytosis • ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTION ▪ Increases Interlukin-10 ▪ Decreases ubiquitination ▪ Decreases IL-8 ▪ Decreases necrosis factor (TNF) • INFLAMMATION ▪ Increases Ig-A ▪ Decreases IL-6 ▪ Increases NK cells activity ▪ Increases phagocytosis ▪ Increases Beta defensin-2

19. BENEFICIAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF PROBIOTICS • DIARRHEA - Probiotics have preventive and curative effect on diarrhea. • IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) – It can be prevented by Lactobacillus plantarum.299V • HELICOBACTERIOSIS – Probiotics have an in vitro inhibitory effect that reduces gastric inflammation . • NECROTISING ENTEROCOLITIS – Treating with B.infantis and L.acidophilus to newborn results in reduction of NEC. • URINOGENITAL INFECTION – It can be prevented by taking L.fermentum and L.rhamnosus . • COLON CANCER – LAB may act against colon cancer. • BLOOD PRESSURE – Milk fermented by LAB results in the reduction of this sickness. • CHOLESTEROL – The effect of yogurt with probiotic agents increases the serum level. • Probiotics can prevent and treat eczema and psoriasis in children. • CRONH’S DISEASE and POUCHITIS . • Reduces LACTOSE INTOLERANCE . • Increases CALCIUM ABSORPTION. • Normalizes PTH levels.

20. PROBIOTICS AND ANTIBIOTIC ASSOCIATED DIARRHEA

21. PROBIOTICS IN Helicobacter pylori INFECTION

22. PROBIOTICS IN HEART DISEASES

23. PROBIOTICS IN ALLERGY AND ATOPY

24. PROBIOTIC PRODUCTS PRODUCED IN INDIA

25. COMMON SIDE EFFECTS OF PROBIOTICS ▪ Headaches – Probiotic foods like yogurt and sauerkraut contains amines, substances formed due to the aging of protein-rich foods. Some may experience headaches after consuming such foods in excessive amounts. ▪ Gas or Bloating – Bacteria-based probiotics may lead to gas or bloating in some people and yeast-based probiotics can result in excessive thirst. ▪ Allergic reactions – Some bacterial strains found in supplements can produce histamine inside the gut. Too much histamine can cause itching, runny nose and breathing issues. Probiotic strains like soy, egg, lactose or prebiotic fibers contains allergens which if taken in excessive amount can cause allergic reactions. ▪ Infections – Sometimes, in very rare cases, the yeast or bacteria can enter the bloodstream and cause infections .

26. EFFECTIVE DOSE OF PROBIOTICS ▪ The recommended effective dose of probiotics is about 1-2 million colony forming units.in healthy individuals. ▪ As for those who are undergoing antibiotic treatment and/or those who have intestinal imbalance, 10 billion CFUs of probiotics are advisable.

27. PREBIOTICS • Prebiotics are referred to as dietary fiber or carbohydrates that acts as the food for probiotics. This is why it triggers bacterial growth and activity in the intestinal microflora. Therefore , it promotes good health for the host. • The term “PREBIOTIC” was introduced by Gibson and Roberfroid in 1995 who exchanged PRO for PRE which means “Before”. • Prebiotics are simply the preferential food for friendly microbes and beneficial ones colonizing the digestive tract. Thus, prebiotics are also known as “COLONIC FOOD”. • Prebiotics are alternatives for probiotics or their cofactors.

28. PROPERTIES OF EFFECTIVE PREBIOTICS • Limited hydrolysis and absorption in the upper GIT. • Selective growth stimulation of beneficial bacteria in the colon. • Immune simulation. • Stimulation of beneficial flora that promotes colonization resistance. • Positively modulates the host defense system. • Able to increase the absorption of certain minerals such as Calcium and Magnesium. • Must not deconjugate bile salts. • Carry no antibiotic resistance genes that can be transferred to pathogens. • Should have anti-carcinogenic activity.

29. MODE OF ACTION OF PREBIOTICS

30. DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF ACTION OF PREBIOTICS

31. FOODS CONTAINING LARGE AMOUNT OF PREBIOTICS • Raw chicory roots • Raw Jerusalem artichoke • Raw dandelion greens • Raw asparagus • Raw garlic • Raw leeks • Raw onion • Cooked onion

32. PRODUCTION OF PREBIOTICS

33. BENEFICIAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF PREBIOTICS • Reduces intestinal PH. • Relieves constipation. • Restore intestinal bacterial balance. • Reduction of fasting glucose level in type 2 diabetes patients. • Reduce risk of colorectal cancer. • Promotes regular bowel movements. • Modulation of gastro-intestinal peptides production, energy metabolism and satiety. • Increase calcium absorption, leading to improvement in bone density. • Positive effects on immune system.

34. HEALTH BENEFITS OF PREBIOTICS IN INFANTS ▪ Studies showed that depending on the age of the infant and the prebiotic used , the following effects can be seen in an infant- » Effect on immune cells, in particular IgE levels. » Results on prevention and management of diarrhea and constipation are varying with 4 out of 6 studies showing positive results. » Diarrhea can be cured by feeding the breast milk as it contains the Bifidobacterium which is necessary for the growth of good bacteria in the colon. » The role of prebiotics in reducing respiratory tract infections , fever.

35. HEALTH BENEFITS OF PREBIOTICS IN PREGNANCY ► A very common side effect in pregnant woman is constipation, which can be cured by taking prebiotic supplement , such as KEFIR.

36. HEALTH EFFECTS OF PREBIOTICS IN SENIOR CITIZENS • With age , the lack of fibers in the body will create severe problems since the body ha more dietary needs because of its deteriorating factors, making prebiotics for the elderly even more important. • Elders mainly suffer from constipation, lactose intolerance and calcium absorption. • Prebiotic supplement KIWI-KLENZ is mainly recommended to elders.

37. EFFECTIVE DOSE OF PREBIOTICS • The advisable intake of prebiotics involves 5-10 grams of these non- digestible carbohydrates/ fibers per day. • Included here are the oligosaccharides which comes from the vegetables. • Effective dose of oligosaccharides ranges from 5-10grms per day for healthy adults. • Dosage less than 5grms wouldn’t be effective.

38. POSSIBLE SIDE EFFECTS OF PREBIOTICS Excessive consumption of prebiotics particularly those in the oligosaccharide category may cause abdominal discomfort and distension, as well as significant levels of flautence .

39. PREBIOTIC vs. PROBIOTIC (At a glance)

40. CONCLUSION PREBIOTICS and PROBIOTICS contribute to the discoveries regarding their beneficial effects in the advancement of complimentary treatment or alternative medicine. These two have been claimed to have health benefits which can be definitely aid in the improvement of people’s quality of life especially those who are suffering from health issues such as digestive and immunity problems. With these two combined together , they can perform even better roles in the body particularly in digestion. Thus, these promotes overall well-being. THANK YOU