Preface Of Philosopy IAT KPI.pptx IAI Al Khoziny

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1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE A Brief Exploration of Key Concepts

2. Definition: Philosophy of science is the study of the foundations, methods, and implications of science. Key Questions: What distinguishes science from non-science? How do we know scientific knowledge is reliable? What is Philosophy of Science?

3. Ancient Roots: Greek philosophers such as Aristotle and Plato laid early foundations. Modern Thinkers: Contributions by Galileo, Newton, and Kant. Science Revolution: The shift towards empirical observation in the 17th century. Historical Background

4. Epistemology: How we know what we know. Ontology: The nature of reality as studied by science. Methodology: The processes used in scientific inquiry. Key Concepts in Philosophy of Science

5. Steps in the Scientific Method: Observation Hypothesis Formation Experimentation Conclusion Philosophical Question: Can the scientific method provide absolute truths? Scientific Method

6. Empiricism: Knowledge comes from sensory experience (e.g., John Locke, David Hume). Rationalism: Knowledge comes from reason and logic (e.g., Descartes, Kant). Impact on Scientific Thought: The balance between observation and reasoning in forming knowledge. Empiricism vs. Rationalism

7. Falsifiability: A theory must be testable and refutable to be scientific. Karl Popper's View: Science advances through conjectures and refutations, not through confirmation. Falsifiability and Karl Popper

8. Normal Science: Research based on previous achievements. Paradigm Shift: A fundamental change in scientific concepts (e.g., from Newtonian physics to Einstein's theory of relativity). Revolutionary Science: Occurs when a paradigm shift takes place. Thomas Kuhn and Paradigm Shifts

9. Scientific Responsibility: Moral and ethical considerations in scientific research. Examples: Genetic engineering, environmental science, AI. Philosophical Question: Should science be value-neutral? The Role of Ethics in Science

10. Scientific Realism: The view that science describes the world as it really is. Anti-realism: The view that scientific theories are useful fictions that help us predict and control the world. Key Debate: Can we ever truly know the "real" nature of the world through science? Realism vs. Anti-realism

11. Summary of Key Points: Science is not just a method; it's a philosophical enterprise. Science evolves through challenge and change. Open Questions: How should science interact with society? What is the future of scientific inquiry? Conclusion & Open Questions