pregnancy power point presentation and slides

ppt

1. Nutrition in pregnancy Muhannad al- rabaty MSc. pharmaceutics

2. introduction The intense fetal growth and development during pregnancy requires maternal physiologic adaptation and a change in nutritional needs. Adequate maternal intake of macronutrients and micronutrients promotes normal embryonic and fetal development.  

3. DIETARY REQUIREMENTS Protein   - The fetal /placental unit utilizes approximately 1000 g of protein , with most of this requirement in the last six months . Recommended intake – The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend a minimum daily nutritional goal of 71 g/day (1.1 g/kg/day)

4. Carbohydrates - Recommended intake – Carbohydrate requirements increase to 175 g/day in pregnancy . Highly processed carbohydrates should be minimized to help manage weight gain.

5. Fiber - Intake of 28 to 36 g/day is recommended in pregnancy, which, along with adequate fluid intake, may help prevent or reduce constipation .

6. Fat - Recommended intake – The Dietary Guidelines for Americans set daily nutritional goals for pregnant individuals as 20 to 35 percent of total energy intake of 2200 -2400 calories should be obtained from Fat . Daily goals for essential fatty acids like linoleic and linolenic acid is 13 g/day and 1.4 g/day respectively.

7. micronutrients 1- Iron - is necessary for fetal brain and placental development and to expand the maternal red cell mass. Iron deficiency, which is the most prevalent single-nutrient deficiency worldwide . The CDC recommends iron intake of 27 mg/day during pregnancy . CDC= centers for disease control

8. 2- Calcium and Vitamin D - Fetal skeletal development requires approximately 30g of calcium across pregnancy, primarily in the last trimester. Average calcium consumption among pregnant people is 1090 mg/day from foods and 1300 mg/day from foods plus supplements.

9. 3- Folic Acid / Folate - The body of evidence supports the efficacy of  Folic acid supplementation and dietary fortification to decrease the occurrence and recurrence of neural tube defects (NTDs) by at least 70 percent.   A supplement containing 0.4 to 0.8 mg of  folic acid  one month before and for the first two to three months after conception to reduce the risk of open NTDs.

10. An RDA of 0.6 mg is recommended thereafter to meet the growing needs of the fetus and placenta. 4- Vitamin B12  functions closely with folate and homocysteine and is involved in DNA synthesis and cellular metabolism. RDA= recommended daily allowance

11. references Finnell RH, Shaw GM, Lammer EJ, et al. Gene-nutrient interactions: importance of folates and retinoids during early embryogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 198:75 . Feodor Nilsson S, Andersen PK, Strandberg -Larsen K, Nybo Andersen AM. Risk factors for miscarriage from a prevention perspective: a nationwide follow-up study. BJOG 2014; 121:1375 . Shaw GM, Wise PH, Mayo J, et al. Maternal prepregnancy body mass index and risk of spontaneous preterm birth. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2014; 28:302 . Ramakrishnan U, Grant F, Goldenberg T, et al. Effect of women's nutrition before and during early pregnancy on maternal and infant outcomes: a systematic review. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2012; 26 Suppl 1:285.