Preparation of griseofulvin by fermentation

how to prepare griseofulvin an antifungal drug on industrial scale by the process of fermentation

1. Preparation of griseofulvin by fermentation

2. Fermentation Fermentation processes utilize the microorganisms to convert solid or liquid substances into various products. Fermentation is classified commercially either solid state or submerged fermentation.

3. grisofulvin - introduction Griseofulvin is an antifungal antibiotic first isolated from a Penicillium species in 1939. It is a secondary metabolite produce by the fungus Penicillium griseofulvum . The compound is insoluble in water, and slightly soluble in ethanol, methanol, acetone, benzene, CHCl 3 , ethyl acetate, and acetic acid.

4. Molecular Formula: C 17 H 17 ClO 6

5. Mode of action Griseofulvin inhibit fungal cell mitosis and nuclear acid synthesis. It also binds to and interferes with the function of spindle and cytoplasmic microtubules by binding to alpha and beta tubulin . It binds to keratin in human cells, and then once it reaches the fungal site of action, it binds to fungal microtubules thus altering the fungal process of mitosis.

6. uses

7. It is used in the treatment of Ringworm of the Beard Ringworm of Scalp Fungal Disease of the Nails Ringworm of Groin Area Athlete's Foot Ringworm of the Body.

8. Side effects The most common side-effects are Nausea Vomiting Diarrhoea Heartburn Flatulence, cracking at the side of the mouth Soreness and/or blackening of the tongue and thirst Headache

9. CULTIVATION

10. Preparation of media Medium Czapek Dox Medium Chemicals Glucose 5 % Sodium Nitrate 0.2 % Potassium Hydrogen Phosphate 0.1% Magnesium Sulphate 7H 2 0.05%

11. Industrial preparation of griseofulvin by submerged fermentation

12. Steps involved in the manufacturing process Fermentation Pre treatment of fermentation broth Filtration Extraction Decolorization Isolation and separation Precipitation and purification

13. Fermentation The pH of Czapek-Dox medium was adjusted between 6.0-7.2. The medium was dispensed in the fermenter . The fresh sample of mycelial suspension of fungus Peccillium griseofulvum from the fresh slope on raper steep agar ( Czapek-Dox medium + corn steep+ agar) was obtained. The solution was autoclaved for 200 minutes at 120°C at 15lbs pressure and fermented for 14 days at 24°C.

14. Pre treatment of fermentation broth The broth is heated above 60°C for 20-30minutes. After heating, sufficient coagulation of material occurs to produce a valuable improvement in separation characteristics of the broth. The period of heating may be short, 5-10 minutes at 80°C having been found to provide a satisfactory increase in filtration rate.

15. Filtration Drum covered with diatomaceous earth matter and allowed to rotate under vacuum with half immersed in the slurry tank. Small amount of coagulation agent added to broth and pumped into the slurry tank. As drum rotates in the slurry tank under vacuum thin layer of coagulated particles adhere to drum. The layer thickens to from cake. As the cake portion in the drum comes to the upper region which is not immersed in the liquid it is washed with water and dewatered immediately by blowing air over it. Then before the dried portion is again immersed into the liquid it is cut off from drum by knife.

16. Extraction Griseofulvin is extracted in the cold acetone when it is used as an extraction agent. The extractions with the cold acetone may be carried out with the efficiencies between 75-96% or even upto 99.5%. the quantity of the solvent used in the extraction at large scale production should be kept minimum. The volume of acetone should be 3-5 times of the mycelial felt.

17. Decolorization The color of the extract can be improved by the addition of calcium hydroxide usually 2.5-50 g/liter preferably 5-30 g/liter. The pH of the extract should be above 10. It can be neutralize by the removal of lime or by using mineral acid.

18. Isolation and separation The impurities or waxy substances are removed by washing the extract with a solvent in which extract is immiscible and also griseofulvin is insoluble. Hydrocarbon solvents, generally aliphatic hydrocarbons such as hexane or petroleum containing a high portion of hexane are in general suitable for this step.

19. Precipitation and purification Griseofulvin can be precipitated from the solvent extract in various ways. One of the method is using the liquid solvent in which griseofulvin is substantially insoluble. Griseofulvin non-solvent is preferably water. The alkaline water is more effective for the removal of colored impurities present in the crystals of the griseofulvin .

20. Precipitation and purification Water is made alkaline with ammonia or an alkali metal carbonate or alkali metal hydroxide. The suitable pH is about 8.5. The purity of the precipitate is generally improved by washing with a solvent for the small quantities of impurities remaining. The suitable washing media are dry or wet acetone, a lower alkanol for example methanol or butanol . Marked purification is obtained with the use of methanol for this step.

21. refrences US patents US Patent 3069329A Published on Dec 18, 1962 published by Dorey Michael John, Ivor L S Mitchell, David W Rule, Walker Cecile US Patent 3616247 Published on Nov 4, 1968 published by Harold George Hemming, Malcolm Lehan , David Giles US Patent 2986496 Published on May 30, 1961 published by Alan Rhodes, Bracknell And Derek L. Fletcher US Patent 3152150 Published on Oct 6, 1964 published by Wilson Alan, Arthur P Best, Arthur R Lockwood, Alan H Raper , Gordon C Sayer , Richards John Willis

22. Books Bioactive Natural Products (Part F), Volume 25 (Studies in Natural Products Chemistry) By Atta-Ur- Rahman page no 473-481 Practical Biotechnology By Dr. R. S. Gaud, Dr. G . D. Gupta, Mr. S. B. Gokhale page no 15.10 experiment no 15.3