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Software

1. The IAS COMPUTER The IAS computer also known as Von Neumann machine .The IAS computer developed  at the Advanced  Study in Princeton, New Jersey during the late 1940 and early 1950.It illustrates many of the fundamental concepts found in all computer systems. A fundamental design approach first implemented in the IAS computer is known as the  stored-program concept. The IAS computer is the prototype of all subsequent general-purpose computer. What is IAS Computer? IAS MACHINE(Source- WikiPedia )

2. IAS Structure Structure Of IAS Main Memory(Data & Instruction) Arithmetic Logic Unit(Operating Binary Numbers Control Unit (Interpret the instruction) Input/output The M register represents the memory of the IAS computer .Memory plays a crucial role in fetching and storing data and instructions during the execution of programs. Main Memory

3.                                                IAS Structure CA (Central Arithmetic) The CA register is the central arithmetic unit. It is responsible for performing arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction. The CA register is a part of the overall design to carry out mathematical computations within the computer. CC (Central Control) The CC  register is a control unit that manages the execution of instructions. The CC register in the IAS computer to control the flow of data and instruction between different components of the machine. IAS Memory structure 1000 locations in ias computer Words(40bits)-binary

4. IAS Operation Overview: Control Unit fetches and executes instructions. Utilizes various registers for storage and control.    Registers: MBR(Memory Buffer Register):Holds data for storage or I/O transfer. MAR(Memory Address Register): Specifies memory addresses for MBR. IR(Instruction Register):Contains the 8-bit opcode being executed. IBR(Instruction Buffer Register):Temporarily stores instructions from memory. PC(Program Counter):Keeps track of the next instruction address.

5. ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)Registers:   AC(Accumulator):Holds temporary operands/results.   MQ(Multiplier Quotient):Stores parts of an 80-bit result. Instruction Cycle:   Fetch Cycle: Loads next instruction opcode in IR and its address into MAR.   Utilizes registers like IBR, IR, and MAR for fetching instructions. Execution Cycle:   Control circuitry interprets the opcode in IR.   Sends control signals for data movement or ALU operations.

6. Simplification via Registers:   Single register for memory address and data source/destination.   Enhances electronic simplicity by minimizing the number of register used. Controlled Operations:   Control circuitry interprets opcodes and manages instruction execution.   Sends appropriate signals for data movement and ALU operations.

7. IAS Structure Data Processing Unit Accumulator Register(AC) Multiply-quotient Register(MQ) Memory Buffer Register(MBR) Program Control Unit Instruction Buffer Register(IBR) Instruction Register (IR) MAR(Memory Address Register) Program Counter (PC) Structure OF CPU(source from google.com)

8. Gates and Memory Cells Gates A gate is a device that implements a simple Boolean or logical function. For example: AND(A) gate with input A and B and output C implements the expression if A and B are true, then C is true.               Inputs               outputs               A     B                       C               1      1                       1 Such devices are called gates because they control data.

9. Gates and Memory Cells Memory Cells  A memory cells is a device that can store one bit of data. The device can be in one of two stable states at any time. Data storage - provided by memory cells. Data processing -  provided by gates. Data movement The paths among components are used to move data from memory to memory and form memory through gates to memory.

10. Gates and Memory Cells Control  – The path among components can carry control signals. Example: a gate will have 1 or 2 data input plus a control signal input that active the gates. When control  signal on, the gates perform its function on data and produce a data output. When control signal is off, the output is null. Thus, a computer consists of gates, memory cells and interconnections among these elements. They are constructed of simple electronic components such as transistors and capacitors.

11. Transistor What is transistor? Transistor is the fundamental building block of digital circuits used to construct processors, memories and other digital logic devices. A transistor basically acts as a switch and an amplifier. We can also say that a transistor is used to control or regulate the flow of electronic signals. Transistor (Source _ Google)

12. Transistor    Types of transistors Bipolar Junction Transistor(BJT) Field Effect Transistor(FET) BJT It consists of three layers: the emitter, the base the collector BJT is the current control device. FET FET is a voltage-controlled device. The three terminals of FET are Gate, Source and Drain. BJT and FET (Source _ Google)

13. Transistor How transistors work? A transistor can act as a switch or gate for electronic signals, opening and closing on electronic gate many files per second. It ensures the circuit is on if the current is flowing and switched off if it isn't. Transistors also play an important role in amplifying electronic signals, for instance, in radio applications, like FM receivers. Transistors have the function of amplifying and switching electrical signals. Transistors are used in complex switching circuits that comprise all modern telecommunications systems. Transistors can serve multiple purposes in electronic circuits, including amplification of signals and switching.

14. Microelectronic Chips Microelectronic circuits , colloquially referred to as microchips, combine billions of translators on a small piece of semiconductor material. Microelectronics means small electronics. Such components as transistors, resistors and conductors can be fabricated from a semiconductor such as silicon. Many transistors can be produced at the same time on a single wafer of silicon. These transistors can be connected with a process of metallization to form circuits.

15. Microelectronic Chips Figure depicts the key concepts in an integrated circuit. A thin water of silicon is divided into a matrix of small areas. The identical circuit pattern is fabricated in each area and water is broken up into chips. Each chip consists of many gate and memory cells plus a numbers of input and output attachment points. This chip is then packaged and provides pins for attachment to devices beyond the chip. These packages can be interconnected on a printed circuit board to produce larger and more complex circuits. The relationship among Wafer, Chip ,  and Gate (Source _ Google)

16. Microelectronic Chips Initially, only a few gates or memory cells could be reliably manufactured and packaged together. These early integrated circuits are referred to as small-scale integration (SSI). As time went on, it become possible to pack more and more components on the same chip.

17. Microelectronic Chips This figure reflects the famous Moore's law that the number of transistors that could be put on a single chip was doubling every year, and correctly predicted that this pace would continue into the near future.

18. Microelectronic Chips The consequences of Moore's Law are profound. The cost of a chip has remained virtually unchanged. This means that the cost of computer logic and memory circuitry has fallen at a dramatic rate. Because logic and memory elements are placed closer together on more densely packed chips, the electrical path length is shortened, increasing operating speed. The computer becomes smaller, making it more convenient to place in a variety of environments. There is a reduction in power requirements. The interconnections on the integrated circuit are much more reliable than solder connections. With more circuitry on each chip, there are fewer inter chip connections.

19. Multichip Module What is multichip module? A multichip module (MCM) is an electronic package consisting of multiple integrated circuits(ICs) assembled into a single device. An MCM works as a single component and is capable of handling an entire function. The various components of a MCM are mounted on a substrate, and the bare dies of the substrate are connected to the surface via wire bonding, tape bonding or flip-chip bonding. The module can be encapsulated by a plastic molding and is mounted on the printed circuit board. MCMs offers better performance and can reduce the size of a device considerably.

20. Multichip Module MCM can be manufactured using substrate technology, die attach and bonding technology, and encapsulation technology. MCMs are classified based on the technology used to create the substrate. The different types of MCM are as follows: (1) MCM-L: Laminated MCM        (2)MCM-D: Deposited MCM        (3)MCM-C: Ceramic substrate MCM MCMs are commonly used in the following devices: RE wireless modules, Power amplifiers, High-power communication devices, servers, wearables, LED packages, portable electronics and space avionics.

21. Multichip Module Advantages of MCM Improve performance and reduce the size of a device. Lower power supply inductance Lower capacitance loading  Less crosstalk Lower off-chip driver power Reduce time to market Improve reliability Simplified design and reduced complexity related to the packaging of several components into a single device.