Present Status, Constrains and Prospects of Aquaculture in World.pptx

Aquaculture is set to remain the fastest-growing food-producing sector, driven by increasing demand for aquatic products amid stagnating capture fisheries. In 2022, global aquaculture production reached 131 million tonnes, significantly contributing to a total of 223 million tonnes in fisheries. Major players include China, Indonesia, and India, with India accounting for 8.92% of world fish production and highlighting its growth potential through robust shrimp farming.
Despite its successes, the sector faces challenges like declining shrimp prices, environmental regulations, and resource limitations, compounded by rising feed and energy costs and climate change impacts. To address these issues, the industry must adopt more sustainable practices, innovate feed alternatives, and diversify species.
The future of aquaculture depends on sustainable intensification, with projects like aquaparks enhancing productivity. The sector is projected to grow by 14% by 2030, reaching 202 million tonnes, with significant expected job creation. Investment in research, skilled labor, effective governance, and new technologies is essential for overcoming challenges and ensuring the sector’s resilience.

1. College of Fisheries Science Kamdhenu University Department of Aquaculture Sub: Hi-tech Aquaculture Production Systems (AQC 601) Submitted By Rajesh V. Chudasama, Reg. No. 231303002, Ph.D. (AQC), 2 nd Sem. COF-VRL, KU. Submitted To Dr. K. H. Vadher, Associate Professor, COF-VRL, KU. 1

2. R A J E S H C H U D A S A M A Present Status, Constraints, and Prospects of Aquaculture in the World ”

3. Outline Introduction Global Significance Historical Development of Aquaculture Current Status of Global Aquaculture 2022 Aquaculture Overview of India Constrains in Global and Indian Aquaculture Prospects and Future Trends in Global and Indian Aquaculture Conclusions References 2022 Present Status

4. INTRODUCTION The word ‘aquaculture’, though used rather widely for the last two decades to denote all forms of culture of aquatic animals and plants in fresh, brackish and marine environments, is still used by many in a more restrictive sense ( Pillay & Kutty, 2005 ).

5. Global Significance Aquaculture is the fastest-growing food-producing sector globally, driven by increasing demand due to population growth, while capture fisheries have reached their production limits, making aquaculture essential to bridge the supply-demand gap. The sector is expanding through intensification, diversification, and the adoption of new species, with markets and consumer preferences emphasizing safe, quality products. Stronger regulations, better governance, and farmer participation in decision-making are promoting sustainable development, poverty reduction, and global food security.

6. Historical Development of Aquaculture Fish farming (tilapia) depicted in Egypt. 2500 BC Fan Lei’s Classic of Fish Culture in China. 500 BC Chow Mit writes on carp fry collection in China. 1243 AD Heu’s A Complete Book of Agriculture details carp rearing in ponds (China). 1639 AD Common carp culture declines in China; other carp species emerge. 6 th Century AD Indian carp culture exists in eastern India. 11 th Century AD

7. Brackish-water fish farming (milkfish) begins in Java, Indonesia. 15 th Century AD Tambak ponds expand in Indonesia. 18 th Century Trout hatcheries established in North America. 18 th Century Artificial trout egg impregnation in France. 14 th Century Large-scale trout and salmon farming develops in Europe and Japan. 20 th Century Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Mainland China: The culture of edible seaweeds expands significantly. 1952: The earliest textbook on seaweed culture is published in Japan. Post-World War II (1945 onwards) Source: Pillay and Kutty, 2005

8. Current Status of Global Aquaculture 2022 Total Fisheries and Aquaculture Production Consumption Employment

9. Total Fisheries and Aquaculture Production - 223 million tonnes Aquatic Animal Production – 185.4 mt Algae Production – 37.8 mt Capture – 91 mt Marine – 79.7 mt Aquaculture – 94.4 mt Wild Harvest – 1.3 mt Aquaculture – 36.5 mt Inland – 11.3 mt Inland – 59.1 mt Marine – 35.3 mt Total Aquaculture Production - 131 million tonnes Source: SOFIA 2024 9 PRESENT SCENARIO 2022

10. Production 2022 Source: SOFIA 2024

11. World Fisheries and Aquaculture Production - 2022 185.4 mt 223 mt 94.4 mt 131 mt Source: SOFIA 2024 11

12. World Fisheries and Aquaculture Production by Species Group Source: SOFIA 2024 12

13. World Inland, Marine, and Coastal Aquaculture Production By Region, 2022 Region Contribution to Total Aquaculture Production (%) Asia 91.4% Latin America and the Caribbean 3.3% Europe 2.7% Africa 1.9% Northern America 0.5% Oceania 0.2% Ten leading countries (China, Indonesia, India, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Norway, Egypt and Chile) produced 89.8% of the total. Source: SOFIA 2024

14. Global Aquaculture Production – 131 million tonnes Aquatic Animal Production – 94.4 mt Algae Production – 36.5 mt Inland – 59.1 mt Marine – 35.3 mt USD 312.8 billion USD 295.7 billion USD 17 billion Source: SOFIA 2024 14

15. World Aquaculture Production - 2022 Source: SOFIA 2024 15

16. World Aquaculture Production of Aquatic Animals by Major Countries Source: SOFIA 2024 16

17. Top Ten Species - 2022 6.8 6.2 6.2 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.5 4.2 4.2 3.4 17

18. Inland Aquaculture Global aquaculture of aquatic animals in inland waters produced 59.1 million tonnes in 2022, accounting for 62.6 percent of the total world aquaculture production. Finfish contributed 89.7 percent of global inland aquaculture production, followed by crustaceans (8.7 percent), far ahead of all other species groups. Source: SOFIA 2024 18

19. Marine and Coastal Aquaculture Global production of marine and coastal aquaculture reached 71.1 million tonnes in 2022, including 35.3 million tonnes of aquatic animals and 36.4 million tonnes of algae Source: SOFIA 2024 19

20. World Production of Major Aquaculture Species FINFISH Source: SOFIA 2024 20

21. World Production of Major Aquaculture Species and Main Species Groups CRUSTACEAN Source: SOFIA 2024 21

22. World Aquaculture Production of Crustaceans Source: SOFIA 2024 22

23. World Production of Major Aquaculture Species and Main Species Groups MOLLUSCS Source: SOFIA 2024 23

24. World Aquaculture Production of Molluscs Source: SOFIA 2024 24

25. World Production of Major Aquaculture Species and Main Species Groups OTHER ANIMALS There were 10,420 tonnes of aquatic products such as sponges, corals, shells and pearls harvested from both aquaculture and capture fisheries operations. Source: SOFIA 2024 25

26. World Production of Major Aquaculture Species and Main Species Groups ALGAE Production of algae reached 38 million tonnes (wet weight) in 2022, of which 97 percent originated from aquaculture. Source: SOFIA 2024 26

27. World Aquaculture Production of Algae 4% increase from 2020, continuing the impressive growth of the last decades, from just 12 million tonnes in 2000. Asian countries produced 97% of the total, with China alone accounting for 60% of the overall total algae produced, followed by Indonesia (25%), the Republic of Korea (5%) and the Philippines (4%). Source: SOFIA 2024 27

28. 70 million tonnes of aquatic animal products, worth USD 192 billion, were exported worldwide in 2022, representing more than 9.1 percent of total agricultural trade and about 1 percent of total merchandise trade in value terms in 2022. This represents a new world high, surpassing the 2018 record of USD 165 billion. Exports of algae contributed an additional USD 1.6 billion and exports of other aquatic products such as sponges, corals, shells and inedible by-products added an extra USD 0.9 billion in 2022. The total export value of all aquatic products reached a record high of USD 195 billion in 2022. E x p o r t – 2 0 2 2 Source: SOFIA 2024 28

29. Top Ten Exporting Countries of Aquatic Animal Products by Value, 2022 22.4 15.5 11.2 10.1 8.5 7.9 7.4 Source: SOFIA 2024 29

30. Top Ten Importing Countries of Aquatic Animal Products by Value, 2022 Source: SOFIA 2024 30

31. Global fish production remained stable in 2023 at 186 mt . Aquaculture production grew, while capture fisheries production decreased. A significant decline in capture fisheries was seen in Peru , where the fishing season was shortened to protect the anchoveta biomass (used for fishmeal and fish oil). The FAO Fish Price Index showed that international fish prices in 2023 were 1.5% lower compared to 2022. Prices for aquaculture products dropped in 2023, mainly due to lower prices for shrimp , prawns , and farmed whitefish like tilapia . Prices for wild-caught species increased in 2023 due to lower production volumes. From 2020-2022, global fish export volumes were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic , but rebounded in 2021 and 2022 due to increased demand. In 2023, global exports of fish for human consumption dropped, reflecting lower trade volumes and prices. Global Market Situation Source: SOFIA 2024 31

32. Shrimp Farm Gate Global Price INDEX Source: Kontali , n.d. 32

33. 33

34. Aquaculture growth averaged 6.1% per year in the 2000s, 4.4% in the 2010s and 3.7% in the first three years of the 2020s. These decelerations are due to a range of factors, including the impact of recent policy changes in China focused on environmental protection, and reductions in the availability of land, water and, sites suitable for aquaculture in the traditional producing regions and countries. Source: SOFIA 2024 34

35. World Aquatic Animal Use for Human Consumption Source: SOFIA 2024 35

36. Of the total 185 million tonnes of aquatic animals produced in 2022, about 164.6 million tonnes (89 percent) were destined for human consumption, equivalent to an estimated 20.7 kg per capita. Aquaculture consolidated its contribution to food for human consumption, supplying over 57 percent of aquatic animal foods (live weight equivalent) in 2022. Consumption of aquatic animal foods (1961-2021) increased at an average annual rate of 3.0 percent compared with a world population annual growth rate of 1.6 percent for the same period. Source: SOFIA 2024 36

37. Consumption World Apparent Consumption o f Aquatic Animal Foods Per Capita Per Year Apparent Consumption of Aquatic Animal Foods Per Capita By Region Source: SOFIA 2024 37

38. Employment 2022 Source: SOFIA 2024 38

39. In 2022, about 62 million people were engaged in the primary sector of fisheries and aquaculture as full-time, part-time, occasional or unspecified workers. About 54 percent of this workforce was engaged in fisheries and 36 percent in aquaculture, while the remaining 10 percent could not be broken down between fisheries and aquaculture. Source: SOFIA 2024 39

40. Aquaculture Overview of India 40

41. Fisheries Resources Area 1. Coastline 8,118 km 2. EEZ 2.02 million sq. km 3. Rivers and canals 3.05 lakh km 4. Reservoirs 2.43 million ha 5. Ponds and Tanks Area 2.74 million ha 6. Brackish Water Area 1.2 million ha 7. Saline/Alkaline Area 12,579.03 ha 8. Raceways 5567 units (1927.83 ha) 9. Beels /Oxbow Lakes/ Derelict Water 3.66 lakh ha India is blessed with an abundance of fisheries resources, both inland and marine. Source: GOI, 2023

42. India Rank The Global Aquatic Animal Production 2 nd (8%) Global Capture Fisheries 6 th (6%) World Fisheries and Aquaculture Production of Aquatic Animals by Area Indian Ocean (7%) World Aquaculture Production of Aquatic Animals 2 nd World Inland Aquaculture Production of Aquatic Animals 2 nd World Marine and Coastal Aquaculture Production of Aquatic Animals 6 th World Aquaculture Production of Crustaceans 4 th World Aquaculture Production of Algae 14 th Exporting of Aquatic Animal Products by Value 6 th World Review of India Source: SOFIA 2024

43. India Fisheries and Aquaculture Production 2022-23 Total fish production (lakh tonnes) Inland fish production (lakh tonnes) 175.45 131.13 44.32 Marine fish production (lakh tonnes) 8.92% Contribution of India to World fish production Contribution of fisheries sector in Indian economy: 1.1% Contribution of economy of Fisheries sector in agriculture: 6.72% Source: GOI, 2023

44. Trend in all India Fish Production Source: GOI, 2023

45. Inland Fish Production 2022-23 (in lakh tonnes) Andhra Pradesh 45.06 West Bengal 18.56 Utter Pradesh 9.15 Bihar 8.46 Odisha 8.39 Chhattisgarh 6.52 Karnataka 4.95 Assam 4.43 Telangana 4.38 Madhya Pradesh 3.42 Total Inland Fish Production During 2022-23: 131.13 lakh tonnes Source: GOI, 2023

46. Species Wise Inland Fish Landing 2022-23 (in lakh tonnes) Major Carps (Catla, Rohu, Marigal) 67.36 Minor Carps 3.45 Exotic Carps 10.85 Murrels ( Ophiocephalus spp .) 2.57 Catfishes ( Wallago attu , Pangasius) 5.69 Other Freshwater Fishes 25.69 Source: GOI, 2023

47. Year Wise Fish Seed Production in India (Billion Fry) 2013-14 41.4484 2014-15 39.3487 2015-16 35.435 2016-17 35.7439 2017-18 44.4207 2018-19 48.1974 2019-20 52.18655 2020-21 54.06898 2021-22 291.384 2022-23 358.9846 Source: GOI, 2023

48. Shrimp Aquaculture Production India’s total aquaculture production of shrimp comprising Vannamei, Black Tiger, and other shrimp estimated based on the reports received from the field is 11,61,164 MT during 2022-23, registering an increase of 14% over the production of the previous year. The increase was propelled mainly by the increase in production of pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeu s vannamei ). The vannamei production during the year was 10,97,481 MT, which is more than 1,21,267 MT of the previous year’s production of 9,76,213 MT, thus registering an increase of 12%. L. vannamei production contributed to around 94.5% of the total shrimp aquaculture production in the country. Source: MPEDA, 2022-23

49. The total production of tiger shrimp registered an increase of 55.64% compared to the previous year. Scampi production recorded 7% increase over 2021-22. Other shrimps recorded 118% increase in production compared to 2021-22. Total production of Shrimp and Scampi also registered an increase ofabout 14 % compared to previous year. Source: MPEDA, 2022-23

50. Shrimp Production 2022-23 Species 2022-23 (MT) 2021-22 (MT) Difference % L. vannamei 10,97,481 9,76,213 +1,21,267 +12 P. monodon 63,041 40,504 +22,537 +56 Scampi 22,862 21,317 +1,545 +7 Other shrimps 642 295 +347 +118 Total 11,84,026 10,38,329 +1,45,697 +14 Source: MPEDA, 2022-23

51. State Ranking in Shrimp Production During 2022-23 State Species 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th L. vannamei Andhra Pradesh (9,12,439 MT) Odisha (46,460 MT) West Bengal (46,021 MT) Gujarat ( 45,340 MT ) P. monodon West Bengal (24,345 MT) Andhra Pradesh ( 17,617 MT ) Gujarat ( 17,250 MT) Odisha ( 2,288 MT) Scampi Telangana (13,937 MT) West Bengal ( 5,215 MT ) Gujarat ( 1,470 MT) Odisha (1,442 MT) Source: MPEDA, 2022-23

52. Production of Other Exportable Varieties of Fish and Shellfish 2022-23 (MT) State Mud crab Seabass Tilapia Pangasius Pompano West bangle 657 338 167 111 Orrisa 344 36 262 48 21 Andhra Pradesh 2061 17529 99322 Tamil Nadu 124 804 10306 Kerala 3 86 358 230 Maharashtra 292 237 1 450 775 Gujarat 100 195 Telangana 39 24035 Total 3481 19030 12681 124716 21 Source: MPEDA, 2022-23

53. Export Contribution of Aquaculture and Capture Fisheries 2022-23 During the financial year 2022-23, India exported 17,35,286 MT of marine products worth USD 8.09 Billion and ₹ 63,969.14 Crore, which is all time high export figure by volume, USD and Rupee value. The USA and China are the major importers of Indian seafood. Frozen Shrimp continued to be the major item of export. Aquaculture (%) Capture Fisheries (%) Year 2021-22 2022-23 2021-22 2022-23 Qty 49 38 51 62 Value in Rs 69 63 31 37 Value US $ 70 63 30 37 Source: MPEDA, 2022-23

54. Market Wise Exports 2022-23 (Quantity) Source: MPEDA, 2022-23

55. Contribution of Cultured Shrimp and Scampi for Export During the year under report, the total export-oriented aquaculture shrimp & scampi production and the estimated product weight generated registered an increase of about 13.2% while the estimated value of the produce registered an increase of 24.05% compared to the previous year Year Live Weight (MT) Product Weight (MT) Estimated Value (Rs Crore) 2021-22 10,38,329 6,74,240 39,661 2022-23 11,84,026 7,63,003 49,200 Increase/Decrease (+) 1,45,697 (+) 88,763 (+) 9539 Difference in % (+) 14.0 (+) 13.2 (+) 24.05

56. Progres s in the Contribution of Aquaculture to Shrimp Export Source: MPEDA, 2022-23

57. Export-oriented aquaculture production exhibited a progressive growth during the year 2022-23 with a production of 12,19,237 MT, significantly high compared to the production of 10,56,358 MT achieved during the year 2021-22. The increase in production is solely dependent on the increase in L .vannamei shrimp production. Source: MPEDA, 2022-23

58. India slipped to sixth position in 2022, having previously been the fourth-largest exporter of aquatic animal products in 2019. This drop was mainly due to a decrease in shrimp prices in addition to exported volumes not increasing as much as from other shrimp-exporting countries such as Ecuador. Nevertheless, shrimp exports accounted for 70 percent of the USD 7.9 billion generated by Indian aquatic animal product exports in 2022. Source: MPEDA, 2022-23

59. Rajiv Gandhi Centre For Aquaculture (RGCA) Seabass Hatchery produced more than 6.8 million seabass seeds exceeding its capacity of 3 million seed production. Aquatic Quarantine Facility (AQF) at Chennai quarantined more than 2.15 lakh of L. vannamei broodstock during the period and was able to detect EHP pathogen from one consignment from abroad. Mud crab Hatchery produced more than 1.3 million crab instars exceeding its capacity of 1 million seed production. GIFT tilapia hatchery produced more than 3.2 million all-male GIFT seeds exceeding its capacity of 3 million seed production. Artemia project achieved 150 kg/hectare/crop of biomass production almost doubling the production. 2022-23 Source: MPEDA, 2022-23

60. CAA Registered Farms from 2006 to March 2023 Year Number of Registered Farms Total Area (ha) Water Spread Area (ha) 2006-07 1,334 1,856.61 1,352.3 2022-23 45,560 69,418.42 47,279.83 State/UT Percentage of Total Registered Farms Andhra Pradesh 49.18% Odisha 27.91% West Bengal 10.64% Tamil Nadu 4.87% Other States/UTs Less than 4% Source: CAA , 2022-23

61. Registration of farms (area ha wise) in all coastal states from April 2022 to March 2023) State wise Registration of coastal aquaculture farms (numbers) from 2005 to 2023 Source: CAA , 2022-23

62. CAA Registered Hatcheries Seed Production Units Registered with CAA as on 31.03.2023 Number of Hatcheries Total Seed Production Units (Hatchery + NRH) L. vannamei seed production Andhra Pradesh 224 370 Tamil Nadu 77 94 Odisha 06 13 Gujarat 04 04 West Bengal 01 01 Karnataka 01 Total 312 483 Source: CAA , 2022-23

63. CAA Registered Hatcheries Number of Hatcheries Total Seed Production Units (Hatchery + NRH) P. monodon seed production Andhra Pradesh 05 11 Tamil Nadu 02 02 Odisha 00 01 Total 07 14 Marine Finfish seed production Andhra Pradesh 1 1 Karnataka 1 1 Gujarat 1 1 Total 3 3 Source: CAA , 2022-23

64. Number of Hatcheries Total Seed Production Units (Hatchery + NRH) L. vannamei 312 483 P. Monodon 07 14 Marine Finfish seed production 3 3 Total 322 500 Seed Production Units Registered with CAA as on 31.03.2023 Source: CAA , 2022-23

65. G U J A R A T District No. of Farms TFA WSA SURAT 369 1308.58 949.42 NAVSARI 354 2149.27 1522.89 VALSAD 135 512.56 388.49 BHARUCH 118 581.39 388.52 BHAVNAGAR 52 238.55 161.10 ANAND 47 226.88 175.89 AMRELI 12 58.65 39.85 JUNAGADH 12 44.53 28.25 GIRSOMNATH 7 21.91 15.01 PORBANDER 1 2.00 1.60 Total 1107 5144.32 3671.02 Source: CAA , 2022-23

66. Number of farms Registered in Gujarat from December 2005 to March 2023 Source: CAA , 2022-23 66

67. Details of District-Wise Hatcheries Registered with CAA in Gujarat Species DISTRICT No. of Hatcheries L. vannamei GIR SOMNATH 3 L. vannamei PORBANDER 1 Marine Fin Fish NAVSARI 1 Total 5 There are 5 seed production units, 4 for L. vannamei and one for marine finfish spread across four coastal districts. The L. vannamei hatcheries /NRHs are in Gir Somnath (3 nos), Porbandar (01) and Navsari one with a total production capacity of 1080 million seed per annum. There is one marine finfish hatchery at Navsari with a production capacity of 200 million seed per annum. Source: CAA , 2022-23

68. Amrit Catla ICAR-CIFA Selective Breeding Program (2010) Aimed to improve the body weight of Catla fish at harvest. Focus on producing high-quality fish seeds. Catla Strains Collected 9 strains collected from West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh. Breeding Method Used Combined Family Selection method. Based on phenotypic traits and microsatellite markers. Superior animals selected based on their breeding value.

69. Results Achieved 15% genetic gain per generation. Cumulative gain of 35% by the third generation. Field trials in Odisha, West Bengal, Assam, and Maharashtra. Improved Catla reached an average weight of 1.8 kg in polyculture systems (compared to 1.2 kg for local strains). CIFA-Amrit Catla Recognition Won Best Technology Award on July 16, 2024, at the 96 th ICAR Foundation and Technology Day. Officially trademarked as "CIFA-Amrit Catla" on August 1, 2024. Amrit Catla Press Information Bureau, 2024

70. India registered a per capita yearly consumption of over 13 kg in 2022-23 ( NCAER report 2022- 23 ). The top three fish-consuming states and UTs for 2022-23 are Andaman & Nicobar Island, Lakshadweep , and Tripura. Per Capita Fish Consumption 70

71. State Wise Per Capita Fish Consumption – 2022-23 Source: GOI, 2023 71

72. Fish consumption landscape in India Source: NCAER report 2022- 23 72

73. Constrains in Global and Indian Aquaculture 73

74. Over the past 20 years, aquaculture production and environmental performance have improved. Destructive habitat conversion, especially shrimp farming in mangroves, has significantly declined since 2000. Challenges persist, including pathogens, parasites, pests, pollution, harmful algal blooms, and climate change. Rapid expansion and reliance on the environment make the aquaculture industry more vulnerable to these stressors. 74

75. Land Shortage : Limited new land for aquaculture, especially in Asia. Protected Areas : Expansion restricted in mangroves and other non-agricultural lands. Intensification : Trend toward higher production on existing land, though it increases costs. Freshwater Scarcity : Limited freshwater access for aquaculture due to competition with agriculture. Shared water policies are needed. Access to Land and Water Resources in Aquaculture 75

76. Feed Importance : Aquafeeds are critical to aquaculture development, but feed availability and costs can be major constraints. Stable Supply : Fishmeal and fish oil production are expected to remain stable, with increasing reliance on plant-based alternatives, but rising demand from countries like China could impact supply. Low-Value/Trash Fish : Used in marine cage farming (e.g., China, Vietnam), but concerns about sustainability and environmental impacts are growing. Access to Feed in Aquaculture 76

77. Offshore Systems : Entrepreneurs are likely to adopt offshore cage culture and enclosure systems to meet demand, driven by high prices. Capitalization : Aquaculture is expected to shift from labor-intensive to capital-intensive, requiring more investment in technology and machinery. Species Diversification : There will be a focus on high-value species, with marine fish production expanding in Southeast Asia and the Philippines. Non-Food Aquaculture : Ornamental fish farming and ecotourism are growing industries, offering new opportunities. Byproducts : Utilizing byproducts like fish skins and shrimp chitins could add value, while energy and production costs continue to rise. Greater Capitalization and Diversification in Aquaculture 77

78. Key to Development : Access to capital is crucial for intensification, diversification, and adopting high-tech systems in aquaculture. Insurance : Investment in advanced technologies will likely increase risks, making aquaculture insurance important. Challenges in Developing Regions : In Asia, Latin America, Africa, and Eastern Europe, capital markets are underdeveloped, limiting new technologies and expansion. Foreign Investment : Some regions, like sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, are attracting foreign investments, particularly for species like shrimp, catfish, and salmon. Access to Capital in Aquaculture 78

79. Challenges of Intensification : While profitable, intensification can complicate farm management, particularly regarding water quality and animal health, and may strain environmental carrying capacities. Nutrient Impact : Though aquaculture’s contributions to nitrates and phosphates are generally minor globally, local effects like eutrophication and algal blooms can occur. Environmental Management in Aquaculture 79

80. Current Impact : Energy costs have always been significant in aquaculture, and with increasing use of technology, these costs are rising further. Competition for Energy : Like land and water, aquaculture must compete with other industries for energy resources. Alternative Solutions : Researchers are exploring energy-efficient options, such as more efficient pumps, recirculating systems, and limited use of wind and solar power, though high capital costs remain a challenge. Energy Reduction Strategies : Farmers are adopting practices like bioremediation and low-discharge or zero-discharge techniques to reduce energy use, but more research is needed to optimize these methods. Rising Energy Costs in Aquaculture 80

81. Importance : Developing skilled human resources is crucial for the growth of aquaculture, especially with advancements in technology, trade, and regulations. Challenges : Key issues include the migration of trained professionals. Human Resources Development in Aquaculture 81

82. Key Role : Research and development (R&D) are vital for expanding aquaculture by introducing innovations in genetics, cage designs, feed, health, and environmental management. Challenges : R&D in aquaculture faces obstacles such as insufficient funding, a shortage of research staff, and weak infrastructure. Research and Development in Aquaculture 82

83. Prospects and Future Trends in Global and Indian Aquaculture 83

84. FAO projects a 14% increase in total fisheries and aquaculture production, reaching 202 million tonnes by 2030. Aquaculture will drive most of the growth, reaching 106 million tonnes by 2030, though at a slower rate than the previous decade. Projections are based on assumptions about macroeconomic factors, trade, resource management, and policies. Future sector growth depends on factors such as population growth, economic development, technological advancements, and dietary changes. 84

85. Aquaculture Objective Expand sustainable aquaculture to meet global seafood demand and share benefits fairly. Outcomes Achieve 35% growth in sustainable aquaculture by 2030 (FAO, 2020a). Increased jobs and skilled labor will boost incomes and livelihoods. 85

86. An aquapark , also known as an aquaculture park , is an organizational model designed to support small-scale aquafarmers by integrating various aspects of the aquaculture value chain. It typically includes: Facilities for seed production , aquafeed supply , and technical services . Production infrastructure such as workers and equipment. Processing, distribution, and marketing components like traders, processors, cold storage, and transport. Aquaculture Parks 86

87. Aquaparks focus on building business-driven, organized infrastructure to boost aquaculture productivity and sustainability. They may also include activities like ecotourism and cultural displays to increase income. Management is usually community-based, with government support for policies, technical help, and financial incentives, promoting efficient and sustainable aquaculture growth. 87

88. Global Production Growth : Expected to reach 205 million tonnes by 2032, with an additional 19 million tonnes (10% increase from 2022). Aquaculture Dominance : Over 100 million tonnes in aquaculture production by 2027, growing to 111 million tonnes by 2032 (17% increase). Growth Rate : Average annual growth rate of 1.6%, slower than the 4% from 2012-2022. China’s Leadership : China will remain the top aquaculture producer with 55% of global production, contributing 83% to its fisheries output. Fisheries and Aquaculture Projections 2022–2032 88

89. Need for Growth in Supply of Aquatic Animal Foods by 2050* 89

90. World Fisheries and Aquaculture Production of Aquatic Animals, 1980–2032 90

91. Aquatic Animal Production and Use for Human Consumption By 2032 91

92. I N D I A 92

93. Conclusion Aquaculture is set to remain the fastest-growing food-producing sector, driven by increasing demand for aquatic products amid stagnating capture fisheries. In 2022, global aquaculture production reached 131 million tonnes, significantly contributing to a total of 223 million tonnes in fisheries. Major players include China, Indonesia, and India, with India accounting for 8.92% of world fish production and highlighting its growth potential through robust shrimp farming. Despite its successes, the sector faces challenges like declining shrimp prices, environmental regulations, and resource limitations, compounded by rising feed and energy costs and climate change impacts. To address these issues, the industry must adopt more sustainable practices, innovate feed alternatives, and diversify species. 93

94. The future of aquaculture depends on sustainable intensification, with projects like aquaparks enhancing productivity. The sector is projected to grow by 14% by 2030, reaching 202 million tonnes, with significant expected job creation. Investment in research, skilled labor, effective governance, and new technologies is essential for overcoming challenges and ensuring the sector’s resilience. 94

95. References Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. (2023). Annual report: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute 2023 . Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. Coastal Aquaculture Authority. (2022-2023). Annual report 2022-23 . https://www.caa.gov.in/uploaded/doc/annualreport/AR.pdf Copernicus Climate Change Service. (2023). Global climate highlights 2023. https://climate.copernicus.eu/global-climate-highlights-2023#:~:text=2023%20has%20replaced%202016%20as,higher%20than%20recorded%20for%202016 Dunshea , F. R., Sutcliffe, M., Suleria , H. A., & Giri, S. S. (2024). Global issues in aquaculture. Animal Frontiers, 14 (4), 3-5. FAO (2022). Fisheries and aquaculture projections. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/9df19f53-b931-4d04-acd3-58a71c6b1a5b/content/sofia/2022/fisheries-and-aquaculture projections.html#:~:text=Aquaculture%20production%20is%20expected%20to,million%20tonnes%20compared%20with%202020 NCAER report 2022-23, National Council of Applied Economic Research on the fishery sector for the development of fishery, Government of India in 2022-23. 95

96. FAO (2022-31), Strategic Framework 2022-31 , Paris and Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization. www.fao.org/pwb FAO. (2022). Blue transformation roadmap 2022–2030: A vision for FAO’s work on aquatic food systems . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO (2024). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2024: Blue transformation in action . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Government of India, Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying. (2023). Handbook on fisheries statistics 2023 . MPEDA. (2022-23). Annual Report: Marine Products Export Development Authority 2022-23. Kochi. 372p. OECD/FAO (2024), OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2024-2033 , Paris and Rome, https://doi.org/10.1787/4c5d2cfb-en. Press Information Bureau. (2024, August 21). Union Minister for Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying lays foundation stone for Aquatic Animal Health and Quality Testing Laboratory at ICAR-CIFA, Bhubaneswar. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2054243 Pillay, T. V. R., & Kutty, M. N. (2005). Aquaculture: Principles and Practices (2 nd edition),   Blackwell Publishing Ltd. The Fish Site. (n.d.). Medium-term challenges and constraints for aquaculture . The Fish Site. https://thefishsite.com/articles/mediumterm-challenges-and-constraints-for-aquaculture 96

97. Thank You !! 97