Presentation(1) the last one.pptx proble

Sure, let's go through the main concepts of financial statements, their advantages and disadvantages, and provide examples and relevant ratio calculations.
Main Financial Statements
1. Income Statement
2. Balance Sheet
3. Cash Flow Statement
4. Statement of Changes in Equity
1. Income Statement
Concept:
• Shows the company's revenues, expenses, and profits or losses over a specific period.
• Key components include revenues, cost of goods sold (COGS), gross profit, operating expenses, operating income, interest, taxes, and net income.
Advantages:
• Provides a clear picture of profitability.
• Helps in assessing operational efficiency.
• Useful for trend analysis over different periods.
Disadvantages:
• Can be manipulated through accounting practices.
• Does not provide a complete financial health picture (e.g., cash flow).
Example:
Sure, let's go through the main concepts of financial statements, their advantages and disadvantages, and provide examples and relevant ratio calculations.
Main Financial Statements
1. Income Statement
2. Balance Sheet
3. Cash Flow Statement
4. Statement of Changes in Equity
1. Income Statement
Concept:
• Shows the company's revenues, expenses, and profits or losses over a specific period.
• Key components include revenues, cost of goods sold (COGS), gross profit, operating expenses, operating income, interest, taxes, and net income.
Advantages:
• Provides a clear picture of profitability.
• Helps in assessing operational efficiency.
• Useful for trend analysis over different periods.
Disadvantages:
• Can be manipulated through accounting practices.
• Does not provide a complete financial health picture (e.g., cash flow).
Example:
Sure, let's go through the main concepts of financial statements, their advantages and disadvantages, and provide examples and relevant ratio calculations.
Main Financial Statements
1. Income Statement
2. Balance Sheet
3. Cash Flow Statement
4. Statement of Changes in Equity
1. Income Statement
Concept:
• Shows the company's revenues, expenses, and profits or losses over a specific period.
• Key components include revenues, cost of goods sold (COGS), gross profit, operating expenses, operating income, interest, taxes, and net income.
Advantages:
• Provides a clear picture of profitability.
• Helps in assessing operational efficiency.
• Useful for trend analysis over different periods.
Disadvantages:
• Can be manipulated through accounting practices.
• Does not provide a complete financial health picture (e.g., cash flow).
Example:
Sure, let's go through the main concepts of financial statements, their advantages and disadvantages, and provide examples and relevant ratio calculations.
Main Financial Statements
1. Income Statement
2. Balance Sheet
3. Cash Flow Statement
4. Statement of Changes in Equity
1. Income Statement
Concept:
• Shows the company's revenues, expenses, and profits or losses over a specific period.
• Key components include revenues, cost of goods sold (COGS), gross profit, op

1. Marketing management GROUP2 PRICING STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMMES

2. First one Abshir salad Ismail

3. Introduction  In the entire marketing mix, price is the one element that produces revenue; the others produce costs. Price is also one of the most flexible elements: It can be changed quickly, unlike product features and channel commitments. Although price competition is a major problem facing companies, many do not handle pricing well. 

4. PRICING OBJECTIVES  Why do marketing managers set different prices for different products?.)   Pricing objectives are overall goals that describe what the firm wants to achieve through its pricing efforts. A fundamental pricing objective is survival. Most organizations will tolerate difficulties such as short run losses and internal upheaval if they are necessary for survival

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6. Second one Mr.peter

7. Specific objectives  

8. FACTORS AFFECTING PRICING DECISIONS  When a company or business manufactures a product, then it incurs many fixed and variable costs to produce the product. The management of the company has to consider all of these costs while setting the price of a product; the whole process is called price decision.   Both of these types of pricing decisions have their advantages and disadvantages. But it all depends on the company’s marketing strategy. However, some other internal and external factors affect the pricing strategy of the company. We’ll discuss these factors one by one, they are as follow; 

9. External Factors Affecting Pricing Decision  Some of the external factors that affect pricing decision of the company/business are as follows; 

10. Fourth one Mrs. Amal

11. PRICING APPROACHES/ METHODS  The price the company charges will be somewhere between one that is too low to produce a profit and one that is too high to produce any demand. Pricing methods or approaches include cost-based approach (cost-plus pricing, break-even analysis, and target profit pricing); the buyer-based approach (value-based pricing); and the competition-based approach (going-rate and sealed-bid pricing) 

12. THE PROCESS OF SETTING THE PRICE  A firm must set a price for the first time when it develops a new product, introduces its regular product into a new distribution channel or geographical area, and enters bids on new contract work. In setting a product’s price, marketers follow a six-step procedure: (1) selecting the pricing objective; (2) determining demand; (3) estimating costs; (4) analysing competitors’ costs, prices, and offers; (5) selecting a pricing method; and (6) selecting the final price. 

13. Third one Mr. libaan

14. STEP 1: SELECTING THE PRICING OBJECTIVE A company can pursue any of five major objectives through pricing:   Survival.   Maximum current profit.   Maximum market share.  Maximum market skimming Product-quality leadership

15. STEP 2: DETERMINING DEMAND Each price will lead to a different level of demand and, therefore, will have a different impact on a company’s marketing objectives. The relationship between alternative prices and the resulting current demand is captured in a demand curve Price Sensitivity  Price Elasticity of Demand

16. STEP 3: ESTIMATING COSTS While demand sets a ceiling on the price the company can charge for its product, costs set the floor. Every company should charge a price that covers its cost of producing, distributing, and selling the product and provides a fair return for its effort and risk. Fixed costs are costs that do not vary with production or sales revenue, such as payments for rent, heat, interest, salaries, and other bills that must be paid regardless of output. In contrast, variable costs vary directly with the level of production. 

17. STEP 4: ANALYZING COMPETITORS’ COSTS, PRICES, AND OFFERS  Within the range of possible prices determined by market demand and company costs, the firm must take into account its competitors’ costs, prices, and possible price reactions. If the firm’s offer is similar to a major competitor’s offer, then the firm will have to price close to the competitor or lose sales. If the firm’s offer is inferior, it will not be able to charge more than the competitor charges. If the firm’s offer is superior, it can charge more than does the competitor—remembering, however, that competitors might change their prices in response at any time. 

18. Five Mr.Mohamoud

19. STEP 5: SELECTING A PRICING METHOD  The three Cs—the customers’ demand schedule, the cost function, and competitors’ prices—are major considerations in setting price. First, costs set a floor to the price. Second, competitors’ prices and the price of substitutes provide an orienting point. Third, customers’ assessment of unique product features establishes the ceiling price. Companies must therefore select a pricing method that includes one or more of these considerations. These could include: markup pricing, target-return pricing, perceived-value pricing, value pricing, going-rate pricing, and sealed-bid pricing. 

20. ADAPTING THE PRICE Geographical Pricing  2. Price Discounts, Allowances, and Promotional Pricing. Promotional Pricing. Discriminatory Pricing. Product-Mix Pricing .

21. INITIATING AND RESPONDING TO PRICE CHANGES 

22. Lastly Mr.Nur

23. Responding to Price Change  Maintaining Price  Increasing price and quality . Reducing price

24. Conclusion  Price is the element that produces revenue; the others produce costs. Price is one of the most flexible elements in marketing because it can be changed quickly. Most firms set their prices to maximize profits from a given situation, and may set low or high prices depending on the situation. Pricing decisions can be complex because of the number of Price is the element that produces revenue; the others produce costs. Price is one of the most flexible elements in marketing because it can be changed quickly. Most firms set their prices to maximize profits from a given situation, and may set low or high prices depending on the situation. Pricing decisions can be complex because of the number of