Presentation (2).pptx 065312467788754245

Construction of the tower occurred in three stages over 199 years. On 5 January 1172, Donna Berta di Bernardo, a widow and resident of the house of dell'Opera di Santa Maria, bequeathed sixty soldi to the Opera Campanilis petrarum Sancte Marie. The sum was then used toward the purchase of a few stones which still form the base of the bell tower.[9] On 9 August 1173, the foundations of the tower were laid.[10] Work on the ground floor of the white marble campanile began on 14 August of the same year during a period of military success and prosperity. This ground floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged columns with classical Corinthian capitals.[11] Nearly four centuries later Giorgio Vasari wrote: "Guglielmo, according to what is being said, in the year 1174, together with sculptor Bonanno, laid the foundations of the bell tower of the cathedral in Pisa".[12]Construction of the tower occurred in three stages over 199 years. On 5 January 1172, Donna Berta di Bernardo, a widow and resident of the house of dell'Opera di Santa Maria, bequeathed sixty soldi to the Opera Campanilis petrarum Sancte Marie. The sum was then used toward the purchase of a few stones which still form the base of the bell tower.[9] On 9 August 1173, the foundations of the tower were laid.[10] Work on the ground floor of the white marble campanile began on 14 August of the same year during a period of military success and prosperity. This ground floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged columns with classical Corinthian capitals.[11] Nearly four centuries later Giorgio Vasari wrote: "Guglielmo, according to what is being said, in the year 1174, together with sculptor Bonanno, laid the foundations of the bell tower of the cathedral in Pisa".[12]Construction of the tower occurred in three stages over 199 years. On 5 January 1172, Donna Berta di Bernardo, a widow and resident of the house of dell'Opera di Santa Maria, bequeathed sixty soldi to the Opera Campanilis petrarum Sancte Marie. The sum was then used toward the purchase of a few stones which still form the base of the bell tower.[9] On 9 August 1173, the foundations of the tower were laid.[10] Work on the ground floor of the white marble campanile began on 14 August of the same year during a period of military success and prosperity. This ground floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged columns with classical Corinthian capitals.[11] Nearly four centuries later Giorgio Vasari wrote: "Guglielmo, according to what is being said, in the year 1174, together with sculptor Bonanno, laid the foundations of the bell tower of the cathedral in Pisa".[12]Construction of the tower occurred in three stages over 199 years. On 5 January 1172, Donna Berta di Bernardo, a widow and resident of the house of dell'Opera di Santa Maria, bequeathed sixty soldi to the Opera Campanilis petrarum Sancte Marie. The sum was then used toward the purchase of a few stones which still form the base of the bell tower.[9] On 9 August 1173,

1. PISA Tower Wonder of the world Swetha.S IIIyear -Civil

2. Contents Introduction Why does the Tower lean Timeline Tower Restoration Soil Extraction conclusion

3. Introduction One of the “Seven Wonders of the world”. It is located at Pisa in Italy. It is constructed as a Bell tower for the Cathedral of Pisa. construction starts at 1173 AD. Closed in 1991 for restoration. Reopen for tourists in 2001.

4. Why does the tower lean? After completion of first three floors of the tower it cause leaning. The leaning was caused by the uneven settling of the building’s foundation on clay soil. Soil at south side compressed faster than north side.

5. Timeline

6. Tower restoration The limit of inclination of the tower is 5.44° .But in 1990 the tower inclined 5.5°. It is closed for restoration. During this time,the tower was steadied by steel cables attached to the first tier and anchored to the ground.

7. Soil extraction Engineers dug series of soil on the north side of the tower with drilling equipment. 40 drills were used to remove 38 cubic metres of earth Also they provide lead counterweight of the north side. The tower started to sink on the north side.Therefore reducing some of the stress that was building up on the south side.

8. Conclusion The soil excavation technique was found to be extremely effective. The tower was not straightened and has a stable inclination of 3.99degrees. The stability of the tower has been predicted to last for 300 years. The tower has not yet collapsed as the structure is made of lime- stone and is capable of handling more stress than any other building stone.