presentation activity and exercise pattern.pptx

activity and exercise pattern presentation

1. Activity and Exercise PATTERN TOPIC:

2. Presented to: Ma'am Noor Presented by: Umar Khan Shrawen Anthony Saneha Ashfaq Mehak Naseer Areej Saleem

3. Objectives At the end of this presentation students will be able to: 1 - Define terms mobility , joint mobility , body alignment and body mechanics. 2 - Discuss the benefits of activity and exercise. 3 - Identify the principles of gravity that affects balance. 4 - Discuss factors affecting mobility. 5 - Discuss the effects of immobility on human body. 6 - Review A&P of muscular skeleton system and characteristics of normal movement. 7 - Describe the impact of immobility on physiological and psychological functioning. 8 - Apply nursing process while planning for the client with altered muscular skeletal system.

4. Mobility: It is the ability to move freely, easily and purposely in the environment. Joint Mobility: The degree to which an articulation(where two bones meet) can move before being restricted by surrounding tissues it includes ROM(maximum movement that is possible for the joint). Immobile: It is unable to move freely. Body Alignment: Correct body alignment is the optimum alignment of the human skeleton system in which the body is perfectly balance. Body Mechanics: Body Mechanics means using the body is an efficient and careful way to reduce the risk of injury . Body alignment (postures) is the way the head ,trunk ,arms and legs are aligned with one another.

5. BENEFITS: Regular activities and exercise provide numerous benefits for the body, mind, and spirit. Some of the advantages include: Physical Benefits:- Improves cardiovascular health Increases strength and flexibility Enhances balance and coordination Supports weight management Reduces risk of chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, heart disease) Mental and Emotional Benefits:- Reduces stress and anxiety- Boosts mood and overall sense of well-being Enhances cognitive function and focus Improves self-esteem and confidence Supports better sleep quality

6. Musculoskeletal System Increase muscle strength , Size and shape Muscle hypertrophy Increase joint flexibility Stability Range of motion Bone density and strength maintained

7. Gastrointestinal System Improved digestion Relieve constipation Peristalsis Increase appetite Improve symptoms of irritable syndrome(IBS)

8. PRINCIPLES OF GRAVITY: The principles of gravity that affect balance are primarily related to the concepts of center of gravity, base of support, and the relationship between these two factors. Here are the key principles: Center of Gravity (COG): The point at which the entire weight of an object or person is considered to be concentrated. For balance, maintaining the COG over the base of support is crucial. A lower COG generally provides more stability. 2 . Base of Support (BOS): The area beneath an object or person that includes every point of contact that supports the weight. A wider BOS increases stability. 3 . Line of Gravity: An imaginary vertical line that passes through the COG and extends downwards towards the ground. For balance, this line should fall within the BOS.

9. CONT…… 4. Equilibrium: The state where all the forces acting on an object are balanced, allowing the object to remain steady. This can be static (stationary) or dynamic (moving but balanced). 5. Stability: The ability to maintain or return to a state of equilibrium. Factors affecting stability include the height of the COG, the size and shape of the BOS, and the mass of the object or person. 6. Leverage and Torque: The use of levers and the turning effect (torque) can influence balance. For instance, extending arms or legs can shift the COG and affect balance. Understanding these principles helps in various activities, from standing and walking to complex movements in sports and dance, ensuring proper balance and preventing falls.

10. Factor's Affecting Mobility . Sure, here’s a concise summary of the factors affecting mobility: Physical Factors: Muscle Strength: Strong muscles ,support movement. Joint Flexibility: Flexible joints allow a greater range of motion. Balance and Coordination: Essential for stable and efficient movement. Bone Health: Strong bones provide structural support.- Nervous System Function: Controls muscle movement and coordination.- Cardiovascular Health: Ensures blood flow and oxygen delivery to muscles.

11. Environmental Factors: Accessibility: Ramps, handrails, and obstacle-free areas improve mobility. Terrain: Smooth surfaces enhance safety and ease of movement. Assistive Devices: Canes, walkers, and wheelchairs aid mobility. Psychological Factors : Fear of Falling : Can reduce activity and mobility. Motivation and Confidence : Positive attitude boosts mobility. Mental Health: Depression or cognitive issues can impair movement. Health-Related Factors: Chronic Conditions: Diseases like arthritis or diabetes can limit mobility.

12. Can cause dizziness or muscle weakness.- Nutritional Status: Proper nutrition maintains muscle and energy Social Factors: Support Systems: Family and friends can encourage movement.- Cultural Attitudes: Norms and attitudes influence activity levels Medication Side Effects :

13. E ffect of immobility on human body Musculo skeletal System: Muscle Atrophy: Reduced muscle mass and strength due to disuse. Joint Contractures: Shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons, or other tissues leading to joint stiffness and deformity. Bone Demineralization: Increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures due to decreased bone density. 2 . Cardiovascular System: Orthostatic Hypotension: Decreased ability to regulate blood pressure when changing positions, leading to dizziness or fainting. Reduced Cardiac Output: Decreased efficiency of the heart's ability to pump blood.

14. 3. Respiratory System Decreased Lung Function: Reduced lung capacity and efficiency, increasing the risk of pneumonia and other respiratory infections. 4. Gastrointestinal System Constipation: Slower digestive transit due to reduced physical activity and possible dietary changes. Reduced Appetite: Decreased metabolic rate and possible nutritional deficiencies. 5. Urinary System Urinary Stasis: Reduced movement of urine through the urinary tract, increasing the risk of urinary tract infections and kidney stones. Incontinence: Possible loss of bladder control due to muscle weakness.

15. 6. Metabolic and Endocrine Systems Insulin Resistance: Increased risk of type 2 diabetes due to reduced glucose uptake by muscles. Altered Metabolic Rate: Overall decrease in energy expenditure leading to weight gain and metabolic imbalances. 7. Integumentary System Pressure Ulcers: Formation of sores and ulcers due to prolonged pressure on the skin, especially in bony areas. 8. Psychological Effects Depression and Anxiety: Increased risk of mental health issues due to lack of mobility, social isolation, and possible feelings of helplessness. Reduced cognitive stimulation and potential decline in mental acuity. Cognitive Decline:

16. 9. Immune System Impaired Immune Response: Decreased ability to fight infections, making the body more susceptible to illness. 10. Endocrine and Hormonal Changes Hormonal Imbalances: Changes in hormone levels, including stress hormones, which can affect overall health.

17. A&P of muscular skeleton system and characteristics of normal movement Anatomy:- Skeletal muscles : made up of muscle fibers, blood vessels, nerve fibers, and connective tissue- Connective tissue layers : epimysium (outermost), perimysium (middle), and endomysium (innermost)- Muscle fibers: long, multinucleated cells with myofibrils and sarcomeres- Myofibrils: composed of actin and myosin filaments- Sarcomeres: functional units of muscle contraction

18. Physiology:- Muscle contraction: sliding filament model, where actin and myosin filaments slide past each other- Excitation-contraction coupling: process by which a muscle action potential triggers muscle contraction- Neuromuscular junction: site where motor neuron terminates and releases neurotransmitters to stimulate muscle contraction

19. Characteristics of normal movement:- Voluntary movement: controlled by the nervous system- Involuntary movement : automatic movements, such as reflexes- Range of motion : normal range of movement for a joint or muscle- Strength: ability of a muscle to generate force- Flexibility: ability of a muscle to stretch- Coordination: ability of multiple muscles to work together to produce movement- Balance: ability to maintain posture and equilibrium- Reflexes: automatic responses to stimuli, such as withdrawing a hand from a hot surface- Posture: maintenance of body position and alignment- Locomotion: movement from one place to another, such as walking or running

20. Impact of Immobility on Physiologic and Psychological functioning Immobility can have far-reaching consequences on various aspects of physiological and psychological functioning. Here's a more detailed explanation: Physiological Impacts: Muscle atrophy: Immobility leads to muscle wasting, resulting in decreased strength and function. 2 . Cardiovascular deconditioning: Reduced physical activity impairs cardiovascular function, decreasing heart rate variability, and increasing blood pressure 3. Bone loss : Immobility accelerates bone resorption , leading to osteoporosis and increased fracture risk. 4.Immune suppression : Prolonged immobility weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections. 5. Metabolic changes: Immobility contributes to insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia.

21. 6. Digestive issues: Reduced mobility can lead to constipation, bowel obstruction, and gastrointestinal motility disorders. 7 . Urinary tract problems: Immobility increases the risk of urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and bladder dysfunction. Psychological Impacts: Depression: Immobility can lead to feelings of hopelessness, despair, and depression. 2 . Anxiety: Prolonged immobility can increase anxiety, fear, and apprehension. 3 . Cognitive impairment : Reduced physical activity is linked to decreased cognitive function, including memory and concentration.

22. 4. Loss of independence: Immobility can lead to feelings of dependence, helplessness, and decreased self-esteem. 5. Mood disturbances: Immobility can result in irritability, mood swings, and emotional instability. It's essential to address immobility promptly, incorporating physical therapy, exercise, and other interventions to mitigate these effects and promote overall well-being.

23. Nursing process The nursing process for a client with altered musculoskeletal function involves assessing , diagnosing, planning, implementing, and evaluating care . Here's a brief overview of how to apply the nursing process while planning for a client with altered musculoskeletal function: Assessment:- Identify the client's specific musculoskeletal issue (e.g., fracture, arthritis, muscle weakness) Evaluate their range of motion, strength, and mobility Assess their pain levels and functional abilities

24. Diagnosis:- Identify specific nursing diagnoses, such as: Impaired mobility Acute pain Risk for injury Planning:- Set specific, measurable goals for the client, such as: Increase range of motion in the affected joint Reduce pain levels Improve mobility and ambulation- Develop a plan to achieve these goals, including: Exercise and stretching programs Pain management strategies Assistive device use (e.g., cane, walker)

25. Implementation:- Implement the planned interventions Provide education and support to the client and their family Collaborate with other healthcare professionals (e.g., physical therapy, occupational therapy) Evaluation:- Monitor the client's progress and adjust the plan as needed Evaluate the effectiveness of the interventions in achieving the desired outcomes Some specific nursing interventions for altered musculoskeletal function include:- Exercise and stretching programs Pain management strategies (e.g., medication, heat/cold therapy) Assistive device use Mobility and ambulation Education on proper body mechanics and ergonomics Remember to individualize the plan based on the client's specific needs and goals.

26. References 1- J ohansson A. Core Temperature-The Intraoperative Difference Between Esophageal Versus Nasopharyngeal Temperatures and the Impact of Prewarming , Age, and Weight. AANA J. 2019 Feb;87(1):6. 2- Deakin CD, Low JL. Accuracy of the advanced trauma life support guidelines for predicting systolic blood pressure using carotid, femoral, and radial pulses: observational study. BMJ. 2000 Sep 16;321(7262):673-4. 3- Muntner P, Shimbo D, Carey RM, Charleston JB, Gaillard T, Misra S, Myers MG, Ogedegbe G, Schwartz JE, Townsend RR, Urbina EM, Viera AJ, White WB, Wright JT. Measurement of Blood Pressure in Humans: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2019 May;73(5):e35-e66.