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wine, beer, pineapple juice and fragrant spices-notably cloves-with a crisp, shiny sugar glaze seared in by a hot sianse. Local and homemade hams now fill in for the imported type, but most Filipinos of medium and high income levels cannot think of Christmas even now without remembering rosy red slices of ham, with their translucent strips of fat topped by a thick and delicious sugar layer.

Besides these, there were usually acharas of all kinds, sweetly pickled young papayas and other vegetables cut into flowers, stars, (and/or) butterflies. And wilderness of desserts: more suman of various persuasions; quivering leche flan fragrant with dayap, macapuno en dulce in pale, translucent strands; santol strands; santol preserves with that sweet sourness that the Filipino palate cannot resist; preserved citrus fruit peel; pastillas in wrappers with cutout designs and mottoes like "Recuerdo" and glass jars, thickly and sweetly purple; and whatever other specialties mothers, aunts and grandmothers- all of them long on time and patience-were known for.

There were, further, imported delicacies that used to appear only at Christmas

time: fragrant apples and Mandarin oranges; walnuts, pecans and Brazil nuts; brown,

sticky castañas; bunches of grapes fresh from their sawdust; and turrones de jijona

and turrones de alicante. The turrones came from Spain in flat, round tins or in wooden

boxes that were a ritual to open. They were so hard that they had to be hacked on a

wooden cutting board with a very dull knife and were given out in thin slivers and slices,

hard enough to break one's teeth. But they were delicious, a mixture of honey and

almonds covered with a paper-thin wafer like a communion hostia, seemingly made

for Christmas and for no other season. All the above are still available, but at

astronomical prices, making them part of the Christmas only of the nostalgic elite, and

not of the majority.

Breakfast on Christmas Day usually featured Spanish-style chocolate: hot and thick ("Chocolate E" for espeso) if one could afford it; thin and watery ("Chocolate A" for aguado) if one's budget was cramped. With this rich, savory drink were usually served slices of queso de bola- hard, cream-colored Edam cheese that came in cans- and ensaimadas, whose sweet light dough and butter-sugar-cheese topping make the expatriate Filipino wax nostalgic, since they go so perfectly with the saltiness of the

cheese and the heavy sweetness of the chocolate.

Noche Buena (Christmas) and Media Noche (New Year)

Writer and gourmet E. Aguilar Cruz believes that the media noche is the most

important part of the urban Filipino's Christmas, but that for the rural Filipino it is the Christmas Day breakfast and luncheon. Christmas Day used to be the time to visit relatives and godparents, to give the ritual greetings (kiss on the hand, or hand on the forehead), and receive gifts of money, sweets, toys, or religious objects.

Writer Carmen Guerrero-Nakpil remembers going

1. Onmai

2. Activity 4. Complete the statement below in the “Worth Remembering Note.” Write your answer on the space provided. WRN: I learned that... First, Second, Lastly,

3. Wine, beer, pineapple juice and fragrant spices-notably cloves-with a crisp, shiny sugar glaze seared in by a hot sianse . Local and homemade hams now fill in for the imported type, but most Filipinos of medium and high income levels cannot think of Christmas even now without remembering rosy red slices of ham, with their translucent strips of fat topped by a thick and delicious sugar layer.

Besides these, there were usually acharas of all kinds, sweetly pickled young papayas and other vegetables cut into flowers, stars, (and/or) butterflies. And wilderness of desserts: more suman of various persuasions; quivering leche flan fragrant with dayap , macapuno en dulce in pale, translucent strands; santol strands; santol preserves with that sweet sourness that the Filipino palate cannot resist; preserved citrus fruit peel; pastillas in wrappers with cutout designs and mottoes like “ Recuerdo ” and glass jars, thickly and sweetly purple; and whatever other specialties mothers, aunts and grandmothers- all of them long on time and patience-were known for.

There were, further, imported delicacies that used to appear only at Christmas

time: fragrant apples and Mandarin oranges; walnuts, pecans and Brazil nuts; brown,

sticky castañas ; bunches of grapes fresh from theiragalang , Pampanga. It was also the day aunts

4. Activity 3.

Comment on the essay’s historical dimension. What information does the essay give about our country’s past colonizers? Write your answer in the space provided.