Presentation of Introduction to basics of SONAR.pptx

Introduction to the basis of owner with advantages and disadvantages

1. Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur (U.P) SONAR Technology Presented by : Name : Mohammed Asad Roll No : 2021041088 B.Tech ECE- 3 rd Yr. Electronics and Communication Engineering Department March,2022

2. Contents Introduction History How it works Types Application Limitation Future Conclusion

3. Introduction to SONAR Technology Definition SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging) is a technology that uses sound waves to navigate, communicate, and detect objects underwater. It is widely used in various applications, including military, commercial, and scientific fields. Basic Principles SONAR works by emitting sound waves, usually in the form of pulses, into the water. These sound waves travel through the water and bounce off objects, creating echoes. By measuring the time it takes for the echoes to return, SONAR systems can determine the distance, direction, and shape of underwater objects.

4. History We know that some animals (dolphins and bats) have use sound as a medium of communication and objects detection for millions of years. But use of the sound by humans in the water is initially recorded by Leonardo da Vinci in 1490: a tube inserted into the water was said to be used to detect vessels by placing an ear to the tube. Sonar was first patented by Lewis Richardson and German physicist Alexander Behm in 1913 Fig 1: Bats and Dolphin using sound waves For communication and detection. Fig 2: Sound detection through tube by placing ear to the tube

5. How it works: 1. It consists of a transmitter and a detector and is installed in a ship or a boat. 2. The transmitter in SONAR produces and transmits powerful ultrasonic waves. 3. The ultrasonic waves travel through the water and after striking the target the beam is reflected from the seabed and is received by an underwater detector (mounted on the ship). 4. The detector then converts the waves into electrical signals which are properly interpreted. Fig 3: Working of SONAR

6. How it works 5. The time interval between transmission and reception of the signal is also noted. Fig 4: Working of SONAR

7. Types of SONAR: SONAR is of two types: Active SONAR Passive SONAR

8. Active SONAR It is a technology used for underwater navigation, communication, and detection of objects beneath the water's surface. Active sonar emits pulses of sound waves into the water and listens for the echoes produced when these waves encounter objects. The system then analyzes these echoes to determine the location, distance, size, shape, and other characteristics of underwater objects. It uses sound transmitter and receiver.

9. Types of active SONAR Single Beam Sonar : In this type of sonar, a single beam of sound is transmitted in a specific direction. The system then receives the echo and uses the time it takes for the sound waves to travel to calculate the distance to the object. Multibeam Sonar : This type of sonar sends out multiple beams of sound simultaneously in various directions, allowing for a wider coverage area. Multibeam sonar is often used for mapping the seafloor and detecting underwater structures.

10. Passive SONAR Passive sonar is a technology that detects and analyzes underwater sounds without emitting any signals into the water. Instead of actively sending out sound waves like active sonar, passive sonar systems rely on the detection of natural acoustic signals in the underwater environment. These systems use sensitive sensors, typically hydrophones or underwater microphones, to capture and analyze the sounds produced by various sources.

11. Applications Sonar (Sound Navigation and Ranging) has a wide range of applications across various fields due to its ability to use sound waves for navigation, communication, and detection in underwater environments. Here are some key applications of sonar: Navigation and Obstacle Avoidance : Sonar is commonly used in navigation systems for ships, submarines, and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). It helps in detecting underwater obstacles, measuring water depth, and navigating through challenging environments. Underwater Mapping and Surveying : Sonar is employed for mapping the seafloor, underwater topography, and geological features. Multibeam sonar systems provide detailed three-dimensional maps of the ocean floor, aiding in scientific research and resource exploration.

12. Applications Search and Rescue Operations : Sonar is used in search and rescue missions to locate submerged objects, wreckage, or missing individuals in bodies of water. It helps improve the efficiency of search operations, especially in challenging underwater conditions. Underwater Communication : Sonar can be utilized for underwater communication between submarines, underwater vehicles, and divers. Acoustic signals can be transmitted efficiently through water for short-range and tactical communications. Security and Surveillance : Sonar systems are employed for monitoring and securing underwater areas, such as harbors, ports, and critical infrastructure. They help detect and prevent unauthorized underwater activities.

13. Limitations While sonar is a versatile technology with numerous applications, it does have certain limitations and challenges. Here are some common limitations associated with sonar: Limited Range in Shallow Water : Sonar performance can be affected in shallow water environments due to interactions with the seafloor and surface reflections. Shallow water conditions may limit the effective range and resolution of sonar systems. Noise and Interference : Ambient noise from natural sources (such as wind, rain, and marine life) and human activities (shipping, construction) can interfere with sonar signals. This background noise can reduce the sensitivity and accuracy of sonar detection.

14. Limitations Complexity in Signal Processing : Analyzing sonar signals and extracting relevant information can be complex, especially in environments with multiple sources of noise. Signal processing challenges may affect the accuracy of target identification and tracking. Attenuation in Different Media : Sound waves experience attenuation (reduction in amplitude) as they travel through water. The attenuation is influenced by factors such as water temperature, salinity, and pressure, which can vary in different underwater environments and affect the range and clarity of sonar signals.

15. Limitations Biological Impact : The use of active sonar, particularly in military applications, has raised concerns about its potential impact on marine life. Intense sound waves can disturb or harm marine animals, leading to behavioral changes, displacement, or even strandings. Despite these limitations, ongoing research and advancements in sonar technology aim to address these challenges and improve the capabilities of sonar systems in various applications.

16. Future Scope The future of sonar technology is likely to involve advancements across various aspects, driven by ongoing research and technological innovation. Here are some potential developments that may shape the future of sonar: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning : The integration of AI and machine learning algorithms into sonar systems can improve signal processing, pattern recognition, and target classification. These technologies can help automate data analysis and reduce the impact of noise and interference. Environmental Monitoring : Sonar systems could play a crucial role in monitoring and mitigating environmental impacts, such as assessing the health of marine ecosystems, tracking pollution, and studying climate-related changes in the underwater environment.

17. Future Scope Integration with Other Technologies : Integration with other sensor technologies, such as optical imaging, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), and radar, may provide a more comprehensive understanding of the underwater environment. Combining multiple sensing modalities can enhance situational awareness and target identification. Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) : Advances in AUV technology, combined with sophisticated sonar systems, could lead to more autonomous underwater exploration and mapping. AUVs equipped with advanced sonar capabilities can efficiently survey large areas and collect valuable data for scientific research or commercial purposes.

18. Conclusion In conclusion, sonar technology has proven to be a valuable and versatile tool for exploring and understanding the underwater world. Its applications span a wide range of fields, from naval operations and fisheries to environmental monitoring and scientific research. While sonar has played a pivotal role in enhancing navigation, communication, and detection capabilities beneath the water's surface, it is not without its limitations and challenges, such as issues related to noise interference, accuracy, and potential environmental impacts. The future of sonar holds promising possibilities, driven by ongoing advancements in sensor technologies, artificial intelligence, and the integration of complementary sensing modalities. Improved resolution, sensitivity, and the development of autonomous underwater vehicles equipped with sophisticated sonar systems are likely to contribute to more efficient underwater exploration and mapping

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