Presentation of physiology cbcount 3.ppt

Red blood cell (RBC) indices measure your red blood cells' size, shape, and quality. Red blood cells are also known as erythrocytes. They are made in your bone marrow (the spongy tissue inside your large bones). They contain hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to every cell in your body. Your cells need oxygen to grow, reproduce, and make energy.

Knowing the size and shape of your red blood cells can help your provider determine if you have a certain type of anemia, a condition in which your body does not make enough healthy red blood cells. There are four types of red blood cell indices:

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), which measures the average size of your red blood cells.
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), which measures the average amount of hemoglobin in a single red blood cell.
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), which measures how concentrated (close together) the hemoglobin is in your red blood cells. It also includes a calculation of the size and volume of your red blood cells.
Red cell distribution width (RDW), which measures differences in the volume and size of your red blood cells. Healthy red blood cells are usually about the same size.
If one or more of these indices are not normal, it may mean you have some type of anemia.

Other names: erythrocyte indices

What are they used for?
Red blood cell (RBC) indices are part of a complete blood count, a group of tests that measures the number and type of cells in your blood. The results of RBC indices are used to diagnose different types of anemia. There are several types of anemia, and each type has a different effect on the size, shape, and/or quality of red blood cells.

Why do I need red blood cell indices testing?
You may get this test as part of a complete blood count, which is often included in a routine checkup. You may also need this test if you have symptoms of anemia, which may include:

Shortness of breath
Weakness or fatigue
Headache
Dizziness
Arrhythmia (a problem with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat)
Pale skin
Cold hands and feet
What happens during a red blood cell indices test?
A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. This test usually takes less than five minutes.

Will I need to do anything to prepare for these tests?
You don't need any special preparations for a red blood cell (RBC) indices test.

Are there any risks to these tests?
There is very little risk to having a blood test. There may be slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.

What do the results mean?
You will get results for each of the indices. Abnormal results may include one or more of the following:

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

If your red blood cells ar

1. Anemia : Nutritional
Name Roll no.
Aryan Sharma 831
Aryan Thakur 832
Ashish Thakur 833
Atin Chauhan 834
Ayush Sharma 835

2. Topics to be covered
•Introduction to blood
•What is anemia?
•Etiological classification of
Anemia
•PCV
•ESR
.
'

3. Blood is defined as liquid connective tissue that fills heart
and blood vessels.
The normal value in an average adult is 5-6 litres which
accounts for 8% of the body weight.
Introduction to
blood

4. Composition of blood
•Two components: cells and fluid.
•Cellular components have formed elements.
•Formed elements are RBCs , WBCs and platelets.
•Fluid component is the plasma
•About 55% of the blood is plasma which is made up of water and solid
particles.

5. •When blood is collected in an anti
coagulated tube and allowed to settle
by centrifugation three layers are
formed.
•Upper layer - plasma
•Lower - red cell mass
•Between them a thin buffy coat consist
of WBCs and platelets
Composition

6. Function of blood
•Respiratory function
•Transport medium
•Regulation of body temperature
•Excretory functions
•Water homeostasis
•Acid base buffers
•Storage
•Nutritive functions

7. What is anemia ?
•Anemia is a condition in which number of red cells or the haemoglobin
concentration within them is lower than normal.
•Haemoglobin is needed to carry oxygen but if the no. of red cell and
haemoglobin is too low, there will be a decreased capacity of blood to
carry out oxygen.

8. Symptoms of
anemia

9. Morphological classification of
anemia
•Hypochromic microcytic - MCV MCH MCHC are below normal
• seen in iron deficiency anemia
• Thalassemia
•Normochromic normocytic -MCV MCH MCHC are within normal range.
• Seen in blood loss anemia
• Haemolytic anemia
• Aplastic anemia
•Macrocytic normochromic - MCV is above the upper limit
• Seen in megsloblastic anemia

10. Etiological classification of
anemia
•Blood loss anemia - could be acute haemorrhage or
chronic haemorrhage
•Aplastic anemia - impaired red cell production
•Haemolytic anemia - increased red cell destruction

11. •Haematocrit is the fractional volume of
blood that erythrocyte occupy.
•It is the amount of packed red blood cell
after centrifugation.
•Red cell are packed together at bottom of
the tube by centritugal force , as cells are
heavier than the plasma.
PCV or
Haematocrit

12. Normal value of PCV
•Adult male - 46% ( 40 - 50 %)
•Adult female - 42% (37 - 47%)
•Hematocrit decreases in conditions of decreased red cell count
and increase in conditions of increased red cell count

13. Erythrocyte sedimentation
rate
•Rate at which red cell and fall sediment at the bottom is known ESR.
• Red cell have the property of rouleaux formation ( piling one on the
other).
•ESR depends on 3 major factors : 1. Shape and no. of red cell
• 2. Size of rouleaux
• 3. Plasma factors

14. Shape and number of red
cell
•Biconcave shape favours rouleaux formation.
•Alteration of shape of erythrocytes decreases rouleaux formation.
•Increase in cell mass increases viscosity which decreases ESR
•ESR decreases in polycythemia and increases in anemia (except in sickle
cell anemia)

15. Size of rouleaux
•Larger the size of rouleaux , faster is the fall.
•Factor that increases the size of rouleaux facilitate.
•Increase in red cell size without change in shape increases the size of
rouleaux therefore increase the ESR.

16. Plasma
factor
•ESR also depends on concentration of fibrinogen in the plasma.
•Fibrinogen neutralises the the charges, thereby removes the
repelling forces.

17. Normal values
•ESR is measured by two method:
• Wintrobe method: males. : 0-9mm/hr
• Females. : 0-20mm/hr
•Westergren method: males. : 3-5mm/hr
• Females : 5-12mm/hr -s

18. Physiological variation in
ESR

19. Pathological variation in
ESR