Presentation RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1.pptx

PPT on research methodology subject

1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY HEMANT DESHMUKH

2. What is Research? Search for knowledge. A scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. Art of scientific investigation. “Careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.” “Systematized effort to gain new knowledge.”

3. Why do people undertake Research? Desire to get a research. Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work. Desire to be of service to society. Desire to get respectability. As a part of academic curriculum.

4. Objectives of Research. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet. Though each research study has its own specific purpose, we may think of research objectives as falling into a number of following broad groupings:

5. Objectives of Research. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables.

6. Types of Research. Or Classification of Research.

7. Types of Research. Research can be broadly classified from three perspectives: Application of research study. Objectives in undertaking the research. Inquiry mode employed.

8. Based on Application.. Pure research aka Fundamental research GAINING KNOWLEDGE FOR THE SAKE OF KNOWLEDGE . Pure research, basic research, or fundamental research is research carried out to increase understanding of fundamental principles. It is not intended to yield immediate commercial benefits; pure research can be thought of as arising out of curiosity. However, in the long term it is the basis for many commercial products and applied research. Pure research is mainly carried out by universities.

9. Based on Application.. Pure research Examples. Space research – Scientists trying to discover new planets or stars. Scientists doing research to know more about the atmosphere on other planets. Fundamental Sciences – Research undertaken to know the unknown properties of subatomic particles. Research to know more about human genes and their functions.

10. Based on Application…. Applied research is done to solve specific, practical questions; for policy formulation, administration and understanding of a phenomenon. Applied research refers to study that seeks to solve practical problems. Applied research is used to find solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, and develop innovative technologies. For example, applied researchers may investigate ways to improve agricultural crop production by developing new variety of seeds or study the effect of a new drug to treat or cure HIV or to create engines which will improve the efficiency of transportation.

11. Based on Objectives…. Descriptive research attempts to describe systematically a situation, problem, phenomenon, service or program, or provides information about , say, living condition of a community, or describes attitudes towards an issue. The main characteristic of this research is that the researcher has no control over the variables; He can only report what has happened or what is happening. For example a descriptive research may seek to measure frequency of shopping, preferences of people, customer satisfaction level, etc.

12. Based on Objectives…. Correlational research attempts to discover or establish the existence of a relationship between two or more aspects of a situation. A correlational study is a method of research in which you have 2 or more quantitative variables from the same group of subjects, & you are trying to determine if there is a relationship (or covariation) between the 2 variables. For example your hypothesis might be that there is a positive correlation (for example, the number of hours of study & your exam scores), or a negative correlation (for example, your levels of stress & your exam scores).

13. Based on Objectives…. Explanatory research attempts to clarify why and how there is a relationship between two or more aspects of a situation or phenomenon. Explanatory research is research conducted in order to explain any behaviour in the market. For example research conducted to find out why consumers prefer a certain brand of cold drink.

14. Based on Objectives…. Exploratory research is undertaken to explore an area where little is known or to investigate the possibilities of undertaking a particular research study (feasibility study / pilot study). It is a type of research conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined. Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects. For example, just because we know that 3G phones exist, it doesn’t necessarily mean that we understand how they work. Exploratory research can help in this instance.

15. Based on inquiry mode…. The structured approach to inquiry is usually classified as quantitative research. Here everything that forms the research process- objectives, design, sample, and the questions that you plan to ask of respondents- is predetermined. It is more appropriate to determine the extent of a problem, issue or phenomenon by quantifying the variation. For example, how many people have a particular problem? How many people hold a particular attitude?

16. Based on inquiry mode…. The unstructured approach to inquiry is usually classified as qualitative research. This approach allows flexibility in all aspects of the research process. It is more appropriate to explore the nature of a problem, issue or phenomenon without quantifying it. Main objective is to describe the variation in a phenomenon, situation or attitude. For example, description of an observed situation, the historical enumeration of events , an account of different opinions different people have about an issue, description of working condition in a particular industry.

17. The Research Process.

18. Prepare Research Design. Developing hypothesis. Formulating Research Problem. Data Analysis. Project Execution. Data Collection. Determine Sample Design. Literature Review. Hypothesis Testing. Generalization & Report Writing.

19. 1. Formulating the research problem. Decide the general area of interest. State the problem in a general way. Formulate a specific research problem from a general topic. Understand the problem thoroughly and rephrase the same in meaningful terms from analytical point of view.

20. 2. Extensive Literature Review. Earlier studies on similar topic should be carefully studied. Academic journals, conference proceedings, books, govt. publications can be source of literature. One source leads to another.

21. 3. Developing Hypotheses. Hypothesis is a tentative assumption made about the population. They provide focal point for research. Hypothesis affects the quality of data to be collected and statistical tests to be performed. The role of Hypothesis is to guide the researcher by limiting the area of research and keep him focused.

22. 4. Preparing Research Design. It is a conceptual framework within which research is to be conducted. Research purpose can be exploration, description, diagnosis or experimental. Broadly the research designs can be Experimental or Non-Experimental. Selecting research design will depend on means of data collection, time available, skills of the researcher and cost.

23. 5. Selecting Sampling Design. Complete enumeration of all items in population or universe is Census. Census is not possible in all cases. Hence only some items are selected for study. This is called Sample.

24. 5. Selecting Sampling Design. Deliberate Sampling – It can be Convenience or Judgmental . It is non probability type of sampling. Simple Random Sampling – It is also called Chance or Probability sampling. Systematic Sampling – Every nth element in the list is selected. Stratified sampling – If the population is not homogenous it is divide into strata and items are selected from each stratum.

25. 5. Selecting Sampling Design. Cluster Sampling – It involves groping of population with heterogeneous items. Then the sample is picked from each group. Area Sampling is a similar type of sampling. Multi Stage Sampling – This is further development of cluster sampling meant for big enquiries. Sequential Sampling – Sample size is arrived according to mathematical calculations as the survey progresses.

26. 6. Collection of Data. Types - Primary and Secondary data. Observation Method. Personal Interview. Telephonic Interview. Mailing Questionnaires. Schedules.

27. 7. Execution of the project. This refers to the actual process of collection of data. Pilot studies can be conducted. Process should be executed in proper manner and within planned time. Occasional field checks should be made to ensure that enumerators are doing job sincerely.

28. 8. Data Analysis. Raw data is subjected to coding, Tabulation and then drawing statistical inferences. Editing can be done to improve quality of data. Computers play an important part in analysis of data. They simplify the calculations and save time while minimizing any calculation errors.

29. 9. Hypothesis Testing. Data analysis reveals some facts. Researcher compares these with his Hypothesis. Do they support the Hypothesis? Or don’t they? Various tests have been developed by statisticians for this purpose. If no Hypothesis was developed the results can be stated as hypothesis for further study.

30. 10. Generalization and Report writing. When Hypothesis is proved multiple times a generalization can be done and a theory can be developed. The real value of research lies in ability to arrive at certain generalizations. Finally the researcher has to prepare a report of what has been done by him. Report generally should include: Introduction, Summary, Main report and Conclusion.

31. Prepare Research Design. Developing hypothesis. Formulating Research Problem. Data Analysis. Project Execution. Data Collection. Determine Sample Design. Literature Review. Hypothesis Testing. Generalization & Report Writing.

32. FORMULATION, DEFINING OR STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM STEP 1

33. A research problem, in general, refers to some difficulty which a researcher experiences in the context of either a theoretical or practical situation and wants to obtain a solution for the same. We talk of a research problem or hypothesis in case of descriptive or hypothesis testing research studies. Exploratory research studies do not start with a problem or hypothesis, their problem is to find a problem or the hypothesis to be tested.

34. Subject which is overdone should not be normally chosen. Controversial subject should not become the choice of an average researcher. Too narrow or too vague problems should be avoided. The subject selected for research should be familiar and feasible so that the related research material or sources of research are within one’s reach. The importance of the subject, the qualifications and the training of a researcher, the costs involved, the time factor are few other criteria that must also be considered in selecting a problem. SELECTING THE PROBLEM

35. Statement of the problem in a general way. Understanding the nature of the problem. Surveying the available literature. Developing the ideas through discussions. Rephrasing the research problem. TECHNIQUE INVOLVED IN DEFINING A PROBLEM

36. Let us suppose that a research problem in a broad general way is as follows: “Why is productivity in Japan so much higher than in India”? In this form the question has a number of ambiguities such as: What sort of productivity is being referred to? With what industries the same is related? With what period of time the productivity is being talked about? EXAMPLE

37. Rethinking and discussions about the problem may result in narrowing down the question to: “What factors were responsible for the higher labour productivity of Japan’s manufacturing industries during the decade 2001 to 2010 relative to India’s manufacturing industries?” Further rephrasing might place the problem on a still better operational basis as shown below: “To what extent did labour productivity in 2001 to 2010 in Japan exceed that of India in respect of 15 selected manufacturing industries? What factors were responsible for the productivity differentials between the two countries by industries?” EXAMPLE

38. DEVELOPING HYPOTHESES STEP 2

39. Ordinarily, when one talks about hypothesis, one simply means a mere assumption to be proved or disproved. But for a researcher hypothesis is a formal question that he intends to resolve. For example, consider statements like the following ones: “Students who receive training will show a greater increase in creativity than students not receiving training” Or “The automobile A is performing better than automobile B.” These are hypotheses capable of being objectively verified and tested. Thus, we may conclude that a hypothesis states what we are looking for and it is a proposition which can be put to a test to determine its validity. WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS?

40. Hypothesis is a statement about population. Hypothesis should be clear and precise. Hypothesis should be capable of being tested. Hypothesis should state relationship between variables, if it happens to be a relational hypothesis. Hypothesis should be consistent with most known facts. Hypothesis should be amenable to testing within a reasonable time. CHARECTERISTICS OF HYPOTHESES.

41. Null Hypothesis and Alternate Hypothesis. Level of Significance. Decision Rule or Testing of Hypothesis. Type I and Type II errors. Two Tailed and One Tailed Hypothesis. SOME BASIC CONCEPTS

42. RESEARCH DESIGN STEP 3

43. What the study is about? Why is the study being done? Where will the study be carried out? What type of data is required? Where can this data be found? What period of time will study include? What will be the sample design? What techniques of data collection will be used? How will the data be analyzed? In what style will the report be prepared? RESEARCH DESIGN.

44. TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGNS DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN Used in Descriptive, Analytical, Co-relational research studies. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH DESIGN Used in Exploratory studies where the area of study is vague. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN Used in studies where the independent variable is manipulated.

45. Research Design is formed of Sampling, Observational, Statistical and Operational designs. RESEARCH DESIGN. SAMPLING – SAMPLE SIZE & SAMPLING PLAN OBSERVATIONAL – DATA COLLECTION PLAN STATISTICAL – DATA ANALYSIS PLAN OPERATIONAL – TIME AND COST PLAN

46. Flexible, appropriate, efficient and economical. Minimizes bias and maximizes the reliability of data. Smallest experimental error. Yields maximum information by considering all possible aspects of a problem. GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN.

47. One research design cant be suitable for all types of research. In case of Exploratory research, the design must be flexible. In case of Descriptive research where focus is on accurately describing the relationship between variables, the design with minimum bias maximum reliability is considered good. GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN.

48. RESEARCH DESIGNS. Research Design Type of study Exploratory Descriptive / Diagnostic Overall Design Flexible Rigid Sampling Design Non-Probability Probability Statistical Design Not Preplanned Preplanned Observational Design Unstructured Structured Operational Design Not Fixed Fixed in Advance

49. Some Important Concepts in Research. Variable – A concept which can take different values. Example: Age, Height, Weight, Income, etc. Continuous Variable can take values in decimal points also. Non-Continuous Variable can only be expressed in integer values. If one variable is a result of other it s called Dependent variable and the other is Independent variable .

50. Some Important Concepts in Research. Extraneous Variable – An Independent variable not related to our study. It is responsible for experimental error . Control – Minimizing the influence of extraneous variable. Hypothesis – A predictive statement that relates an independent variable to a dependent variable. Control Group and Treatment.

51. Experimental Research Designs.

52. Basic Principles. Prof. R.A. Fisher developed experimental designs based on his experience in agricultural research. He gave three basic principles of experimental designs. The principle of replication. The principle of randomization. The principle of Local Control.

53. Important Experimental Designs. INFORMAL Before and After – Without Control. After only – With Control. Before and After – With Control. FORMAL Completely Randomized ( C R Design). Randomized Block ( R B Design). Latin Square ( L S Design). Factorial Design.

54. Before and After – Without Control. LEVEL BEFORE TREATMENT (X) LEVEL AFTER TREATMENT (Y) TREATMENT INTRODUCED TREATMENT EFFECT = Y - X

55. After Only – With Control. LEVEL IN CONTROL AREA (TREATMENT NOT GIVEN) (X) TREATMENT EFFECT = Y - X LEVEL IN TEST AREA (TREATMENT GIVEN) ( Y)

56. Before and After – With Control. LEVEL IN TEST AREA (BEFORE TREATMENT) (X) TREATMENT EFFECT = (Y – X) – (Z – A) LEVEL IN TEST AREA (AFTER TREATMENT) (Y) LEVEL IN CONTROL AREA (A) LEVEL IN CONTROL AREA (Z)

57. SAMPLING.

58. FORMAL RESEARCH DESIGNS.

59. Completely Randomized – CR Design. Involves only two principles viz., the principle of replication and the principle of randomization of experimental designs. subjects are randomly assigned to experimental treatments (or vice-versa). There are two forms of CR design: Two-group simple randomized design. Random replications design.

60. Two-group simple randomized design. 1000 Employees 80 Employees 40 Employees Training Type – A 40 Employees Training Type – B

61. Random Replications Design. 1000 80 30 08

62. Randomized Block – RB Design. In the R.B. design the principle of local control can be applied along with the other two principles of experimental designs. In the R.B. design, subjects are first divided into groups, known as blocks, such that within each group the subjects are relatively homogeneous in respect to some selected variable. The number of subjects in a given block would be equal to the number of treatments and one subject in each block would be randomly assigned to each treatment.

63. Randomized Block – RB Design. LOW IQ AVERAGE IQ HIGH IQ TEST 1 STUDENT 1 STUDENT 5 STUDENT 9 TEST II STUDENT 2 STUDENT 6 STUDENT 10 TEST III STUDENT 3 STUDENT 7 STUDENT 11 TEST IV STUDENT 4 STUDENT 8 STUDENT 12 BLOCK 1 BLOCK III BLOCK II

64. Latin Square Design. Latin square design (L.S. design) is an experimental design very frequently used in agricultural research. The conditions under which agricultural investigations are carried out are different from those in other studies for nature plays an important role in agriculture. The treatments in a L.S. design are so allocated among the plots that no treatment occurs more than once in any one row or any one column. The two blocking factors may be represented through rows and columns.

65. Latin Square Design. FL1 FL2 FL3 FL4 FL5 Seed Type 1 A B C D E Seed Type 2 E A B C D Seed Type 3 D E A B C Seed Type 4 C D E A B Seed Type 5 B C D E A A, B, C, D & E are types of fertilizers

66. Factorial Designs. Factorial designs are used in experiments where the effects of varying more than one factor are to be determined. They are specially important in several economic and social phenomena where usually a large number of factors affect a particular problem. Factorial designs can be of two types: ( i )simple and (ii) complex. In case of simple factorial designs, we consider the effects of varying two factors on the dependent variable, but when an experiment is done with more than two factors, we use complex factorial designs.