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1. TRAINING AND FAMILIARIZATION OF THE STUDIO EQUIPMENT, 10KW FM AND 100KW MW TRANSMITTERS INTERNSHIP PRESENTATION Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Presentation by: Ruppa Jeevan IV/IV ECE C 320126512160

2. Internship Certificate

3. ABSTRACT In the domain of broadcast technology, the world of radio transmission comes alive through a powerful transmitter, one of the building blocks for seamless communication. Among the powerful transmitters, two are 100 kW MW Transmitters, 927 kHz used for AM transmission and 10 kW, RAINBOW Transmitter, 102MHz used for FM transmission. These transmitters stand as pillars of modern communication and modulation techniques bringing the magic of radio waves to life. The aim of this internship is to gain learning experience in the field of radio broadcasting by focusing on the above-mentioned transmitter technologies. The objective of the internship is to get hands-on exposure in the operation and maintenance of high-power broadcasting transmitters such as 100 kW MW Transmitter, 927 kHz and 10 kW RAINBOW Transmitter. The training aims to enhance the knowledge and skills of the trainees in the field of broadcasting and to learn about :- The technical aspects of the station, such as studios, microphones, mixers, recorders, editors, satellite downlink, transmitters and antennas. The studio equipment and facilities used for recording, editing, mixing, and transmitting radio programmes. The organizational structure and functions of AIR and AIR Visakhapatnam The satellite communication and transmission system used for receiving and sending radio signals The role and responsibilities of radio professionals such as announcers, producers, engineers, technicians etc AM TRANSMITTER - 100 kW MW Transmitter, 927 kHz FM TRANSMITTER – 10 kW, RAINBOW Transmitter, 102MHz

4. Frequency Bands and Standard Reference Levels Frequency Bands:- Range Band Applications <3 KHz Ultra Low Frequency(ULF) Under Water Communication(Submarine Communication) 3 KHz - 30 KHz Very Low Frequency(VLF) Wired Communications 30 KHz – 300KHz Low Frequency(LF) Wired Communications 300 KHz -3 MHz Medium Frequency(MF) Ground Wave Propagation [AM 550 KHz -1650 KHz ] 3 MHz – 30 MHz High Frequency(HF) Sky Wave (or) Ionospheric Propagation and Short Wave Communication 30 MHz – 300 MHz Very High Frequency(VHF) Space Wave Propagation [FM 88 MHz – 108 MHz] 300 MHz – 1 GHz Ultra High Frequency(UHF) LOS Communication and Mobile Communication 1 GHz -2 GHz L- Band GPS ,ATC 2 GHz – 4 GHz S - Band Radar , Shipping Commmunications 4 GHz – 8 Ghz C - Band Satellite Communications 8 GHz – 12 GHz X- Band Vechile Speed Detection 12 GHz – 18 GHz Ku - Band DTH (12 – GHz) 18 GHz – 24 GHz K - Band Military Applications 24 GHz – 30 GHz Ka - Band Military Applications

5. Studio Centre: SWITCHER CONTROL ROOM TALK STUDIO MUSIC STUDIO CONTROL ROOM SERVER DUBBING/EDITTIN G STUDIO PLAY BACK STUDIO Playback studio: Audio Recording Studio Software Application Theatrical Production Virtual Reality or Gaming

6. Cables and Connectors: Cables and connectors are fundamental components in any broadcasting setup, including All India Radio (AIR). They play a crucial role in ensuring seamless transmission of audio, video, and data signals throughout the broadcasting infrastructure. Cables: Cables are essential components used to transmit signals, data, and power between various electronic devices, systems, and networks. They come in a variety of types, each designed for specific purposes and applications. Types of Cables are: Twisted Pair Cable Coaxial Cable (Coax Cable) Fiber Optic Cable Ethernet Cable Connectors: There are two types of connectors: 1. RF Connectors 2. Audio Connectors Communication: Communication is the process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, or feelings between individuals or groups. It is a fundamental aspect of human interaction that plays a pivotal role in conveying meaning and understanding. Communication is of Two types They are: Mobile Communication Satellite Communication

7. Wave Propagation: Propagation refers to the way electromagnetic waves travel through various media, including air, water, and vacuum. The behavior of waves during propagation depends on factors such as frequency, wavelength, and the characteristics of the medium. Different propagation modes exist based on how waves interact with the environment. There are different propagation modes Ground Wave Propagation Sky Wave Propagation Space Wave Propagation Uninterruptible Power Supply: There are two types of UPS used in All India Radio: 1. Online UPS 2. Offline UPS Online UPS: On-line UPS abbreviated as OUPS is a type of UPS that uses a combination of rectifier and inverter circuits in order to provide continuous power to the load from the supply source without any interruption. By continuous power here we mean that power is supplied to the load in case of availability from the source and power outage as well with zero transfer time. On-line UPS is sometimes also known as a double-conversion system. The reason for calling it so because, within an online UPS system, power conversion occurs twice as the circuit includes a rectifier and an inverter.

8. Offline PowerSuppl y : O ff-line UPS, sometimes called standby ups is equipment that offers an uninterruptible power supply immediately to the connected device through the battery when detects electric supply failure within the circuit. An offline UPS offers the most basic type of power protection to the appliances. In offline UPS, AC power to the load is directly supplied from an AC source in normal condition.

9. Studio Transmission Link:- The high-quality sound programs from the AIR studio center are normally transported to the AIR transmitting center with the help of a transmission link named the STUDIO TRANSMITTER LINK (STL). As Medium wave transmitters and studios are non-co-cited, we require a studio transmitter link to send audio from studios to the transmitter. Earlier Non-Exchange lines of the D epartment of Telecommunications were in use. Later on, these were replaced by a VHF-FM transmit/receive system. During 80’s AIR introduced microwave studio transmitter link for better reliability and quality. Different types of STL: 1. Digital Microwave Multi Channel Link 2. Point - to - Point Link 3. IP-based communication using CODEC at both ends. Features of STL: STL is a full duplex point-to-point digital radio system known for its efficient data transmission capabilities. Operating within a narrow frequency range, it can drive up to 2048Kbits of data using just 400KHz of channel bandwidth. T his system follows a digital open architectural modular design, enabling flexibility and adaptability in various applications. It offers data rates ranging from 64kbps to 34Mbps, allowing users to select their preferred bandwidth from 25kHz to 7MHz. This system achieves high spectral efficiency through the implementation of user-selectable 16-bit, 32-bit, or 64-bit Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), demonstrating its advanced modulation techniques for optimal data transmission.

10. FM-Stereo-RDS Modulation:- FM-Stereo-RDS modulation combines the benefits of high-quality audio (FM), stereo sound, and supplementary data (RDS) to offer listeners a richer and more informative radio experience. Radio Data System(RDS) is a communications protocol standard from the European Broadcasting Union for sending small amounts of digital information using conventional FM radio broadcasts. The RDS system standardizes several types of information transmitted, including time, track/artist info and station identification. RDS has been standard in Europe and Latin America since the early 1990s and is now used throughout many parts of the world.

11. FALCON XT BROADCAST AUDIO PROCESSOR:- The FALCON XT is a broadcast audio processor, a device used in radio and television stations to enhance and optimize the quality of audio signals before they are transmitted to the audience. It boosts ups the gain. Enhances Audio Quality: It improves the clarity, volume, and overall sound quality of audio content, making it more enjoyable for listeners. Controls Loudness: It ensures that audio levels are consistent, preventing sudden volume changes or distortion, which can be annoying for the audience. Applies Audio Effects: The FALCON XT can add effects like equalization and compression to make the audio sound better and more balanced. Optimizes for Broadcasting: It tailors the audio signal specifically for broadcasting, making sure it meets industry standards and regulations. Falcon XT Front Pannel contains 5 parts as they are: Device Nameplate LCD-1 Jog Shuttle dial (navigation) LCD-2 Headphone socket.

12. KFG 6K AMPLIFIER:- The KFG 6K amplifier is a piece of audio equipment designed to boost the power of audio signals. Amplifies Audio: The KFG 6K takes a weak audio signal and makes it stronger, allowing it to be played through larger speakers or cover a larger area with sound. Power Rating: The "6K" likely indicates the power output, possibly 6,000 watts, which tells you how much power it can deliver to drive speakers effectively. Use Cases: Such amplifiers are often used in professional audio setups, concerts, and large events where powerful and clear sound is needed. In front view: RF Monitor connector Status LEDs (ALARM / WARNING / ON) LCD Display Front panel control push buttons (ESC / ENTER / ▲ / ▼)

13. 100W DIGITAL FM EXCITER:- A 100W Digital FM Exciter is a device used in FM radio broadcasting to generate and transmit a radio signal. In Front view: RF Monitor connector LCD Display Navigation keys (UP / DOWN / RIGHT / LEFT / OK) Status LEDs (ON/OFF, ALARM, LOC/REM) and command keys (ON/OFF, Local/Remote) AC input with fusible 15. MPX IN BNC connector GND 16. SCA 1 BNC connector Cooling FAN 17. SCA 2 BNC connector RF output connector (N) 18. Right XLR connector RDS DB9 connector 19. Left XLR connector LAN connector for Management 20. TLC/TLS DB25 connector 7 . Optical connector 8. USB connector 9. AES/EBU XLR connector 10. 1PPS BNC connector 11. 10MHZ BNC connector 12. PILOT BNC connector 13. AUX BNC connector 14. MPX OUT BNC connector

14. THANKYOU