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HRD pppp

1. Human Resource Development

2. Meaning Human Resource Development - is the process of improving, moulding arid, changing the skills, knowledge, creative ability, aptitudes, attitudes, values, commitment etc. based on present and future job and orgazational requirements.

3. Definition HRD as "those learning experiences which are organized for a specific time, and designed to bring about the possibility of behavioural change." Leonard Nadler

4. Scope of HRD

5. Early Apprenticeship Training Programs artisan skilled workers used to employ trainees or apprentices this model was also followed in training of physicians, educators and attorneys start their own practice after passing the necessary exams forming ‘Franchises’ so that they could regulate such things as product quality, wages, hours etc. the apprentices formed groups to negotiate higher wages and better working conditions

6. Early Vocational Education Programs DeWitt Clinton founded the first vocational school in New York city many educational schools started developing unskilled worker on different professional work and crafts small educational institutes different professional courses started emerging

7. Early factory schools With the Industrial revolution, there came the time of machine replacing handy crafts The era was known for mass production and mass distribution Most of the work which was done by hand previously was now done through machines Significant demand came into existence for workers who know how to work on machines, repairing machines etc This developed a need of opening of schools for training on working on prescribed machines Such first school was developed in 1872 which was located at Hoe and Company which was a New York based company

8. Early Training Programs for Unskilled workers Although there were training programs for skilled and semi skilled workers but there was no such training program for the unskilled workers which were huge in number Because of lack of training, these workers were mainly unemployed or hardly doing any significant work The training for unskilled workers got initiative with two events. One was introduction of Model T cars by Henry Ford and the other was World War I Model T was the first car which was able to be produced on assembly line and which required lot of unskilled workers to do the same work again and again Because of World War I, there was a great demand of workers in the steel industry and the only available mass was the unskilled workers Thus training programs for unskilled workers started.

9. Human Relations Movement Industrial Revolution brought huge profits but along with it, it brought exploitation of the workers Unskilled and semi skilled workers were frequently abused, they were not paid properly and were forced to work long working hours These situations gave rise to the first HR movement, the workers argued of having a human factor along with the machines In the late 1940 Abraham Maslow gave his theory of need hierarchy

10. Establishment of Training Profession With the emergence of World War II, there was a greater need of industrial production compared to World War I This gave rise to a greater demand of Manpower Many companies designed their own training departments within the organizations to give specialized trainings for the work to be finished These training programs had training professionals whose main job was to impart training.

11. Emergence of HRD Finally , in the late 1960 and 1970, the concept of HRD was developed Human resource was now regarded as the most important resource and was regarded more important than capital The organizations started believing that better trained and motivated manpower can prove to be the best economy of scale to any organization.

12. Definitions (1) Learning: the acquisition of new knowledge and how this changes the individual in some way (psychological and sociological perspectives). Training: planned instruction in a particular skill or practice intended to result in changed behaviour in the workplace leading to improved performance. Development: the enhancement of an individual’s personal portfolio of knowledge, skills and abilities or competencies (long term focus; lifelong learning).

13. Definitions (2) Career development: a planned and structured response to the career aspirations of key employees. Organisation development: a systematic and methodical approach to the management of change that is aimed at improving organisational performance and competitiveness.

14. The components of HRD

15. Definitions (3) Organisational learning: focuses on the actual learning processes which explain how individuals and groups learn (e.g. the individual acting as an agent of the organisation; group members learning from each other) and how that learning can become institutionalised. Organisational knowledge: the theoretical (explicit) and practical (tacit) knowledge held by an organisation (e.g. individuals, groups, databases, documents, routines etc). Tacit knowledge is seen as a source of competitive advantage.

16. Developing perspectives of HRD

17. The implications of the shift from formal to informal learning

18. Developing a model for HRD (2)

19. Implications of the shift from psychological to sociological perspectives on learning

20. Implication of the shift to business partner roles

21. Developing a model for HRD (4)

22. Implications of the shift from an emphasis on human capital to intellectual capital

23. Developing a model for HRD (5)

24. HRD at Micro level