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1. What is Plagiarism? • Using someone else's exact words or ideas and claiming them as your own. • Form of cheating • Can be done without realizing it • Forbidden in all levels of school

2. Scientific Plagiarism: A Threat to Integrity Scientific plagiarism is a serious issue that threatens the integrity of research and undermines trust in the scientific community. It occurs when researchers misrepresent the work of others as their own, failing to give proper credit to the original sources. This can involve copying text directly, paraphrasing without attribution, or using images or data without permission.

3. Definition and Types of Plagiarism The First Type of Plagiarism : • Plagiarism of Words • The use of another’s exact words without citing the author. • Incorrect Example • Plagiarism is the reproduction of someone else’s words, ideas or findings and presenting them as one’s own without proper acknowledgement. • Correct Example • Plagiarism is the “reproduction of someone else’s words, ideas or findings and presenting them as one’s own without proper acknowledgement.” (Undergraduate Course Handbook: 2008, p.24) The Second Type of Plagiarism • Plagiarism of Structure • Paraphrasing another person’s words by changing the sentence construction or word choice, even with a citation. • Paraphrasing while maintaining the original sentence construction even while acknowledging the source. The Third Type of Plagiarism • Plagiarism of Ideas • Presenting another person’s ideas as your own without giving the person credit. • Submitting a paper without citing another person’s ideas or having cited them incorrectly. The Fourth Type of Plagiarism • Plagiarism of Authorship • Turning in a replication of another person’s work. • Submitting a paper that you got off the Internet or from a friend as your own work. The Fifth Type of Plagiarism • Plagiarism of Self • The use of your own previous work for another assignment. Although these were you original words and thoughts, receiving credit for a previous assignment is considered cheating.

4. Prevalence of Plagiarism in Scientific Research While the prevalence of plagiarism in scientific research is relatively low, it remains a serious concern. Studies have shown that plagiarism can occur in a variety of forms, including direct copying, paraphrasing without attribution, and using images or data without permission. The prevalence can vary depending on the discipline, with some fields having higher rates than others. It is essential to acknowledge that the figures presented in this section are estimated based on various studies, and the actual prevalence can fluctuate across different institutions and regions. Discipline Prevalence of Plagiarism Medicine 2.5% Engineering 1.8% Biology 3.2% Chemistry 2.1%

5. Consequences of Plagiarism for Researchers Professional Damage Legal Ramifications Ethical Consequences Plagiarism can significantly damage a researcher's reputation. It can lead to the retraction of publications, loss of funding, and damage to career prospects. The consequences can be severe and long-lasting, affecting the researcher's ability to secure future research opportunities and collaborations. In some cases, plagiarism can have legal consequences, especially when it involves copyright infringement. Researchers may face legal action from the copyright holder and could be subject to financial penalties. Plagiarism violates ethical principles and undermines the trust in scientific research. It erodes the integrity of the scientific community, as it undermines the value of original research and the importance of giving credit where it is due.

6. Ethical Considerations in Scientific Research Honesty Researchers must be honest in their work and acknowledge the contributions of others. They should not misrepresent their own work or the work of others. Transparency Researchers should be transparent in their methods and data analysis. They should provide sufficient detail for others to replicate their findings and assess the validity of their conclusions. Accountability Researchers must be accountable for their work. They should take responsibility for their findings and be willing to correct any errors or mistakes. Respect Researchers should respect the intellectual property of others. They should avoid using the work of others without permission or proper attribution.

7. Plagiarism Detection Tools and Techniques Software Tools Plagiarism detection software compares submitted text against a vast database of academic and online resources to identify instances of plagiarism. Examples include Turnitin, iThenticate, and Crossref Similarity Check. Manual Checking Involves carefully reading and comparing submitted work to source materials to identify instances of plagiarism. This method is time-consuming but can be effective for identifying subtle forms of plagiarism. Expert Review Involves having experts in the field review the work to assess its originality and identify any potential instances of plagiarism. This method is particularly useful for detecting complex forms of plagiarism.

8. How to Avoid Plagiarizing · Learn how to properly use resources such as books, websites, and journals. Cite your sources in a Bibliography . A list of the sources you used that includes a title, author, and published date. THANK YOU