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1. Candida By-Amit Kumar 87b

2. Taxonomy and classification of Candida. Family: Sachharomycetaceae Phylum: Ascomycota Order: Saccharomycetales Genus : Candida Berkhout Species : Candida albicans

3. Morphology Solitary,unicellular Reproduction via budding Rounded shape Moist and mucous colonies 10-12 microns in diameter Gram positive Grows overnight on most bacterial and fungal media Spores may be formed on the oseudomyceliym called chlamydospores and can be used to identify different species of Candida.

4. Formation of Chlamydospres by candida albicans when cultured on cornmeat agar at 25 C.

5. Common species

6. Cultivation

7. Cultivation

8. Cultivation S pecific media such as ~ abouraud dextrose agar ( Sabouraud glucose neo11eptone agar), which may have an acid (pH 5.1:) or neutral pH, and to which antibacterials may be added. • Non-specific media can be made specific for the isolation of fungi by the addition of antibacterials . Examples are blood agar, brain heart infusion agar or brain heart infusion broth .

9. C.Albicans C.glabrate C.tropicalis C.krusei Candida on Chrome agar

10. Virulence factors of candida Adhesins are crucial in colonization and biofilm formation, an important virulence factor for candidiasis.   Calcineurin is involved in membrane and CW stress as well as virulence The hyphae-specific toxin, named candidalysin , invades mucosal cells facilitating fungal invasion into deeper tissues Candida albicans is a producer of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes. Among them lipases, phospholipases and secreted aspartyl proteinases (Sap) are most significant in virulence The main fungal virulence factors consist of its ability to grow at body temperature, polysaccharide capsule, phospholipases and production of melanin and extracellular vesicles.

11. Virulence factors of candida

12. Epidemiology

13. Epidemiology

14. Epidemiology

15. Epidemiology (Nail infection)

16. Epidemiology (GI tract)

17. Laboratory Diagnosis of Candida

18. Laboratory Diagnosis of Candida

19. Laboratory Diagnosis of Candida

20. Laboratory Diagnosis of Candida

21. Laboratory Diagnosis of Candida

22. Treatment Commonly treated with anitmycotics including topical clotrimazole topical nystatin, fluconzale and topical ketoconazole. For blood infection one can take intravenous fluconazole or and echinocandin such as caspofungin . For vaginal yeast infection in pregnancy topical imidazole or triazole antifungals.