Presenting-Experimental-Data-Grade-8 [Autosaved].pptx

Presenting experimental data effectively is crucial for scientific communication, whether you're reporting research findings in a paper, presenting them at a conference, or sharing results with peers. The clarity, accuracy, and format of the data presentation can significantly impact how the information is understood and interpreted by the audience. To achieve this, experimental data must be presented in an organized, concise, and accessible manner. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore best practices for presenting experimental data across various platforms, focusing on structuring data for clarity, choosing appropriate visual representations, and adhering to scientific rigor.

1. Understanding the Purpose of Data Presentation
The primary goal of presenting experimental data is to convey the findings of an experiment in a way that allows others to interpret, critique, and build upon the work. Whether you're writing a research article or giving an oral presentation, your data should be understandable, reproducible, and credible. The audience should be able to:

Follow the experimental design.
Understand the results clearly.
Interpret the implications of the findings.
The mode of data presentation can vary depending on the audience (e.g., specialists vs. generalists) and the format (written, oral, or visual), but the guiding principles of clarity, consistency, and accuracy remain the same.

2. Types of Experimental Data
Experimental data comes in various forms, including qualitative and quantitative data. The method you choose for presenting it will depend on the nature of the data.

Quantitative data refers to numerical values obtained through measurements or counts. This type of data can be presented using tables, graphs, charts, or statistical summaries.
Qualitative data involves descriptive information, often observational, and is typically presented using textual descriptions or thematic representations.
Regardless of the data type, it is crucial to choose a presentation format that enhances understanding and supports the research findings.

3. Structure of Data Presentation in Written Reports
When presenting experimental data in a scientific report or paper, it typically follows a structured format to ensure consistency and reproducibility. This structure often aligns with the standard sections of a scientific paper: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion (IMRAD).

3.1 Methods Section: Presenting Data Collection
In the Methods section, you explain how the data was collected. Key components to cover include:

Experimental design: Describe the overall structure of the experiment (e.g., control vs. treatment groups, randomized trials).
Materials and instruments: Specify any equipment or materials used to collect data.
Data collection process: Clearly explain how measurements were taken, including any variables controlled or manipulated.
Sample size and replication: Justify the number of observations and any repeats conducted to e

1. Presenting Experimental Data

2. Objectives Construct pie chart, bar graph and line graph using findings from observations/data

3. Presenting Data When data is organized in tables or graphically it is much easier to identify the trends. Organization of data also allows for the discovery of anomalous results

4. Presenting Data Tables are a good way to organize data while graphs and charts make the data more visual Graphs used to show data include Pie charts Bar graphs line graphs

5. Pie Charts

6. Presenting Data - Pie Charts The pie chart is a pictorial representation of data relative to a whole. Each portion in the circle represent an element of the collected data. The pie chart represents the composition of various elements in a whole. Each portion in the circle shows a fraction or percentage of the total.

7. Presenting Data Pie chart is a circular graph which is used to represent data. In this : Various observations of the data are represented by the sectors of the circle. The total angle formed at the centre is 360°. The whole circle represents the sum of the values of all the components.

8. Presenting Data To calculate the angle of the sector for each category is given by Quantity of the category Total number in all categories If the values of observation/components are expressed in percentage, then the centre angle corresponding to particular observation/component is given by × 360°

9. Presenting Data - Pie Charts (Steps) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_nPxTRuLxo

10. Presenting Data - Pie Charts (Steps) Find the total number represented by the data. Using the formula Angle of sector = Quantity of the category Total number in all categories Determine the number of degrees for each quantity. Draw a circle using a compass. With the aid of a ruler, draw a radius line. That is, draw a line from the centre of the circle to a point along the circumference. This becomes the reference line or the 0⁰ line from which the angle of the first sector will be measured. Measure the angle of the first sector using a protractor. Place the protractor over the circle and measure the first angle from the reference line and draw a new radius to enclose that sector. The new or last radius drawn becomes the reference line when measuring the next angle. × 360°

11. Presenting Data- Pie Chart 1. The following table shows the numbers of hours spent by a child on different events on a working day. Represent the information on a pie chart. Activity No. of Hours School 6 Sleep 8 Playing 2 Study 4 T. V. 1 Others 3

12. Presenting Data- Pie Chart 1. Find the total number represented by the data. Activity No. of Hours School 6 Sleep 8 Playing 2 Study 4 T. V. 1 Others 3 Total 24

13. Presenting Data - Pie Chart 2. Multiply 360 degrees ( the total amount of degrees in a circle) by the quantity of the category divided by the total number in all categories to find the degrees for each quantity Activity No. of Hours Measure of central angle School 6 ( 6 / 24 × 360)° = 90° Sleep 8 ( 8 / 24 × 360)° = 120° Playing 2 ( 2 / 24 × 360)° = 30° Study 4 ( 4 / 24 × 360)° = 60° T. V. 1 ( 1 / 24 × 360)° = 15° Others 3 ( 3 / 24 × 360)° = 45° Totals 24 360 °

14. Presenting Data - Pie Chart Draw a circle of any radius. Draw a horizontal or vertical radius (from the center to the perimeter).

15. Presenting Data - Pie Chart Starting with the radius, make central angles corresponding to the values of respective components.

16. Presenting Data - Pie Chart Repeat the process for all the components of the given data. These radii divide the whole circle into various sectors. Label each sector

17. Homework Construct a pie chart to represent the following data Flavours % of Students Prefer the Flavours Measure of Central Angles Vanilla 25 % ( 25 / 100 × 360)° = 90° Strawberry 15 % ( 15 / 100 × 360)° = 54° Chocolate 10 % ( 10 / 100 × 360)° = 36° Cherry 30 % ( 30 / 100 × 360)° = 108° Mango 20 % ( 20 / 100 × 360)° = 72°

18. Try this 80 girls were asked about their favourite sport? The collected information is given in the table. Read the information and label the graph. Sports Number of Girls Badminton 41 tennis 9 swimming 23 volleyball 7

19. Bar Chart/ Graph

20. Presenting Data - BarChart In a bar chart, the height of the bar shows the frequency of the result. This should be done on graph paper Graphing rule: Manipulated variable on the x axis responding variable on the y axis

21. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReW4MPqXTvA

22. Presenting Data - Bar Chart Step 1: Find the range in values. Step 2: Determine a scale. Step 3: Label the graph. Step 4: Draw the bars. Step 5: Give the graph a title.

23. Presenting Data - Bar Chart Label each axis The bars should be of equal width but the height varies depending on the quantity of the variables The bars should be equally spaced (same width between the Y-axis and the first bar should be maintained throughout). the chart must have a title

24. Exercise Use the information below to construct a bar graph. Birth Rate Country 42 China 35 India 15 Germany 28 United Kingdom 21 Sweden

25. Your graph should look like this

26. Create your own Table: Favourite Type of Movie Favorite Movie Anime Action Romance Drama SciFi Number of students 4 5 6 1 4

27. Line Graph Watch me: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2YkbdNORp8

28. Presenting Data - Line graph A line graph is a type of chart used to show information that changes over time. Line graphs are best used when both manipulating and responding variables are continuous data. Continuous data can be measured at any point along the range being used. The range may involve incremental measurements for time, distance, concentration, temperature. Eg , population growth over a period of 25 years We plot line graphs using several points connected by straight lines. The line graph comprises of two axes known as ‘x’ axis and ‘y’ axis. The horizontal axis is known as the x-axis. The vertical axis is known as the y-axis.

29. Presenting Data - Line graph Title : tells about the data for each line graph is plotted. x-axis : tells about labels on x-axis, which is generally time. y-axis : tells about labels on y-axis which is generally a quantity in numbers Trend : We join the points to draw the graph. The intersection point of the label on the x-axis and y-axis tells about the trend.

30. Presenting Data - Line graph (Steps) Decide on a scale based on the information given Draw the x-axis and y-axis on the graph paper. Point out the exact values on the graph. Join the points so that the trend can be seen. Write the title above the table so that it determines the purpose of the graph.

31. Presenting Data - Line graph

32. Presenting Data - Line graph Number of Yeast Buds Time (mins) 5 5 20 10 63 15 30 20 45 25 52 30 45 35 55 40 55 45 55 50 The table shows the results of an experiment conducted. Plot a line graph to show the results.