presntation of MRI basic: from basic to application.ppt

slides about mri

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MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Prepared by,
Anand & Shonima

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MRI

* MRlisa radiology technique

* That uses magnetism, radio waves, and a computer to
produce images of body structures.

* MRI is based on the principles of NMR

* In1997 the first MRI exam was performed on a human
being.

* It took 5 hours to produce one image.

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5. Magnetic resonance imaging inventor

RAYMOND VAHAN DAMADIAN

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* 1944: Rabi
Physics (Measured magnetic moment of nucleus)

* 1952: Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell
Physics (Basic science of NMR phenomenon)

* 1991: Richard Ernst
Chemistry (High-resolution pulsed FT-NMR)

* 2002: Kurt Wuthrich
Chemistry (3D molecular structure in solution by NMR)

* 2003: Paul Lauterbur & Peter Mansfield
Physiology or Medicine (MRI technology)

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WHAT CAN BE DIAGN OSED BY AN MRI
SCAN?
* Most ailments of the brain, including tumours
* Sport injuries
* Musculoskeletal problems
* Most spinal conditions/injuries
* Vascular abnormalities
* Female pelvic problems
* Prostate problems
* Some gastrointestinal tract conditions
* Certain ear, nose and throat (ENT) conditions
* Soft tissue and bone pathology/conditions

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* A cardiac pacemaker

* Certain clips in your head from brain operations
* A cochlear implant

* A metallic foreign body in your eye

* Had surgery in the last 8 weeks

* If you are pregnant

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PRINCIPLE

* MRI makes use of the magnetic properties of certain
atomic nuclei.

* Hydrogen nucleus (single proton) present in water
molecules, and therefore in all body tissues.

* The hydrogen nuclei partially aligned by a strong
magnetic field in the scanner.

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CONTI..

* The nuclei can be rotated using radio waves, and they
subsequently oscillate in the magnetic field while returning
to equilibrium.

* Simultaneously they emit a radio signal.

* This is detected using antennas (coils)

* Very detailed images can be made of soft tissues.

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Randomly arranged After the strong magnetic
hydrogen atom field applied

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Applied magnetic field

Precessional ~~
orbit E

1
HP

Spinning
nucleus

PA ER,

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START

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MAIN COMPONENTS OF MRI

* Scanner
* Computers
* Recording hardware

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CANNER

* An MRI scanner is a large tube that contains powerful
magnets.

* Main components of scanner
— Static magnetic field coils
— Gradient coils
— RF (radiofrequency) coils

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MRI Scanner Cutaway

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* Three methods to generate magnetic field
1. Fixed magnet
2. Resistive magnet
3. Super conducting magnet

* Fixed magnets and resistive magnets are generally
restricted to field strengths below 0.4t

* High-resolution imaging systems use super conducting
magnets.
* The super-conducting magnets are large and complex

* They need the coils to be soaked in liquid helium to reduce
their temperature to a value close to absolute zero.

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GRADIENT COILS

* Gradient coils are used to produce deliberate variations in
the main magnetic field

* There are usually three sets of gradient coils, one for each
direction.

* The variation in the magnetic field permits localization of
image slices as well as phase encoding and frequency
encoding.

* The set of gradient coils for the z axis are helmholtz pairs,
and for the x and y axis paired saddle coils.

19. Transceiver

Patient

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* RF coils act as transmitter and receiver
* RF coils are the "antenna" of the MRI system
* That transmit the RF signal and receives the return signal.

* They are simply a loop of wire either circular or
rectangular

* Helmholtz pair coils consist of two circular coils parallel
to each other.

* They are used as the z gradient coils in MRI scanners

* Paired saddle coils are also used for the x and y gradient
coils.

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* No ionizing radiation

* Variable thickness in any plane
* Better contrast resolution

* Many details without iv contrast

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DISADVANTAGES OF MRI

* Very expensive

* Dangerous for patients with metallic devices placed within
the body

* Difficult to be performed on claustrophobic patients
* Movement during scanning may cause blurry images
* RF transmitters can cause severe burns if mishandled

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CLOSED MRI

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OPEN MRI

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UPRIGHT MRI

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* Since the early 1990s, FMRI has come

* FMRI is based on the same technology as MRI
* FMRI looks at blood flow

* Itis a technique for measuring brain activity

* It works by detecting the changes in blood oxygenation and
flow that occur in response to neural activity

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MRI FMRI

* Views anatomical * Views metabolic
structure function

* Focuses on protons in * Calculates oxygen
hydrogen nuclei levels

* High spatial resolution * Long-distance

+ Utilized for resolution
experimental purposes + Utilized for diagnostic

purposes

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e Comparison between X-ray CT system and MRI system

X-ray CT system MRI system

Principle of imaging Absorption of X-ray Magnetic resonance phenomenon
Radiation exposure Yes No

Tissue resolution Good (physical information) Excellent (scientific information)
er Diffcut Easy

Influence by bone, air Yes No

image plane | Transverse plane Arbitrary section plane
Examination noise Comparatively quiet Large
Examination time Short (5-10 min) Long (15~30 min.)
Preferred area Lung, abdomen, bone, etc. Brain, spinal cord, junction, etc.

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MARKET

Indian MRI markets is heavily dependant on imports
specially from Country 1

imports of MRI equipments -Overview Total Imports
+ Imports come from technologically advanced Mn bo
countries including Country 1. Country 2 1109
Country 3 and Country 4 Love
+ Country 1 accounts for the largest hare 2.000

+ Reduction m import duties has increased
volume of imports over the last few years

1,090

2005-08 200507 2007-08 2008-09 20091:
Imports - Region wise (2008-09) Imports- Region wise (2009-10)
Moore: Er
Boa:

Bor

num

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HOME ABOUT US INNOVATION INVESTORS NEWS CONTACT

Today's MRI Market

Home > Imovañon » Today's MRI Market AAAS

0). The leading MR

5 Fangs h Mad Field (0

10 Vary High
Feld (usualy

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= Whole Body MRI
CAGR

= MRI for brain &
neurology disorders

Market Revenue ($Million)

XX
= Breast MRI
= Cardiac MRI
= Interventional MRI

2010 2011 2012 2013

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41. 2008

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Related items
Jo u 329 Billion JP Yen
Diagnostic
ultrasound
12% oT

13%

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VIDEOS

+= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwXJNXNcL
° https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQGhqE2Gf
+ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wqrBWK8Vt

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