Preventation and control of air pollution.orginal

Air pollution

1. PREPARED BY :- JF INSTITUTE OF HEALTH Sciences/ lachs Pooja shrestha Bsc . N ursing

2. PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION

3. Rapid urbanization, industrialization, poor maintenance of road, poorly maintained vehicles and lack of public awareness is responsible for deteorating ambient air quality . Air quality in ktm valley has been deteorating continuously , particularly in last two decades. And air pollution has imposed huge costs on the society and the environment. Nepal considered to be one of the worst performing countries in the world in term of air quality with regard to effects on human health . Because of above mentioned fact, control and preventation of air pollution is very important.

4. The WHO has recommended the following procedures for the prevention and control of air pollution

5. Containment is defined as the preventation of escape of toxic substance into the ambient air or it is the process of placing a barrier between the hazard source and the work environment. As the toxic gases from the industries such as SO2, CO2 , CO is hazardous to our health. So, this process is consider as one of the best process for controlling air pollution. Containment can be achieved by a variety of engineering methods such as enclosure, ductwork, air cleaning device, exhaust fan and stack. CONTAINMENT

6. . Enclosure or hood   is a device that encloses, captures, or receives emitted contaminants and is mainly designed to protect working environment from harmful fumes and vapors. · Ductwork are pipe systems that connect hoods to industrial chimneys through other components of exhaust systems like fan, collectors etc . Ducts are low-pressure conveyors to convey dust, particles, shavings, fumes or chemical hazardous components from air to any other specific locations like tanks, sanding machine, or laboratory hood. Air cleaning device or air purifiers are used in industry to remove impurities such as CO 2 from air before processing. Pressure swing adsorber or other adsorption techniques are typically used for this. Exhaust fan is used in controlling interior environment through venting particulates, smoke, unwanted odors and other contaminants. to provide the necessary controlled airflow and this is achieved by rotating a number of blades, connected to a hub and shaft, and driven by a motor or turbine. Stack is a type of chimney, a vertical pipe, channel or similar structure through which combustion product gases called flue gases are exhausted to the outside air .

7. Containment or enclosure structures can be broadly classified as:- partial or full . Partial containments refer to those that inherently allow some level of emission to the atmosphere outside of the containment. Full containment refers to a relatively tight enclosure (with tarps that are generally impermeable and fully sealed joints and entryways) where minimal or no fugitive emissions are expected to reach the outside environment .

8. A major contribution in this field is the development of “arresters” for the removal of contaminants. Purifying the air collected from the industry.

9. Fig; air cleaner device

10. It is the process of replacing a traditional process causing air pollution by a new process that doesn’t. Increased use of electricity, natural gas and other alternative source of energy in place of coal, fossil fuels have greatly helped in clearing the air. REPLACEMENT

11. The test of vehicles were done from 1993., according to the criteria prescribed – Vehicles having poor mechanical engine condition should be replaced. There are some management and regulation done to reduce air pollution through replacement method such as:-

12. If more amount of gases containing so2 discharged by vehicles is seen then it must be replaced. Short lifespan or old vehicles should be removed.

13. R eplacement of fuel in household by the pollution free apparatus like biogas,elctric cooker,cylinder gas, etc.

14. Solar energy Hydroelectricity Wind energy Geothermal Power

15. Compressed natural gas Tidal power Radiant energy Wave power

16. bikram tempoo safa tempo In 1999 diesel-operated 3-wheeler named ' bikram tempo'was baned in kathmandu valley and to meet this need safa tempo was launched.

17. It is the process of reducing pollution in the air by extensive planting of trees and vegetation around industrial and residential area. Establishment of "green belts"between industrial and residential areas is a attempt at dilution. DILUTION

18. Green belts are considered as lungs of cities as they act as store house of CO 2 and other harmful gases released by industries . The various plants or vegetation in green belts around factories and industries premises mitigate the air pollution by absorption ,adsorption, detoxification ,accumulation or metabolization .

19. Pollutants are absorbed most efficiently by plant foliage near the canopy surface where the diffusion process is high due to favourable light conditions. The species used in green belts should be pollutant tolerant Dalbergia sissoo , Ficus bengalensis , Mangifera indica,Ficusreligiosa , Moringapterydosperma,Cussiarenigera,A illanthus excelsa etc are widely reported to be good species for reducing air pollution.

20. According to the survey done in 2004: Pollutants removal by green belts found that ambient concentration of SO 2 reduced by 39%, NOX by 40%, SPM by 37%, THB by 86%, CO by 93%, VOCs by 87.1% and overall air pollutant removal was calculated as 63%.

21. Green belt movements in Kenya in 1977 : In first 16 years,12 million trees were planted,1000 nurseries set up,90,000 women recruited,upto 2000 they planted 30 million trees. Green belt land covers about 13% of total area in England,16% in Northern Ireland,2% in Scotland.many other developed countries like Canada, Austriala , Newzealand , Sweaden,UK etc also find it as a effective solution.

22. Green belts are living filters with limits to their tolerance towards air pollutants. As a result , crossing the threshold limits in terms of pollution load would lead to injury to plants causing death of tissues and reducing their absorption potential . In developing countries like Nepal containment process and tail gas treatment are not techno economically ,feasible so dilution will acts as cost effective solution to the growing air pollution abatement .so it is also considered as unique tool.

23. Legislation is a purposed or enacted law or group of laws by government. As air pollution is major problem in context of Nepal, so the rules have been demonstrated and regulated but not strictly followed. LEGISLATION

24. Pollution of roads, Bricks, Domestic fuel combustion, gasoline vehicles are the major air pollution i.e. total suspender particles(TSP) observation of TSP at different sites of Nepal were found to be higher than the WHO guideline values. (150 to 230 ppm). In ktm the TSP value was greater than 1000ppm.

25. Air pollution control in Nepal is spread over various Acts. These environmental legislation and regulations for pollution control are weak implemented. Industrial Enterprise Act (1992):- This Act grants a reduction of up to 50% on the taxable income of any industry invested in pollution minimization equipment or processes. Role of government of Nepal to mitigate air pollution:-

26. Environmental Protection Act(1996) :- To maintain clean and healthy environment by minimizing, as far as possible adverse impacts likely to be caused from environmental degradation on human beings wildlife, plants, and nature. To project environment with proper use and management of natural resources, taking into consideration that sustainable development could be achieved from the inter-relationship between the economic development and environment protection.

27. Three wheeler diesel tempo Safa tempo Vehicle Exhaust Emission Test :-Due to the increasing number of vehicle in urban area the pollution is increasing in rapid manner. Band on three wheelers diesel tempos in ktm valley , introduction of electric or low fuel vehicles.

28. Project to establish air quality monitoring stations in ktm, monitoring stations helps to find out what’s in the air that we breath. Master plan for adoption of alternative energy technology. Air quality monitoring stations

29. Ministry, population and environment has established an air quality monitering system in kathmandu valley consisting monitoring stations in Putalisadak,Patan hospital,Thamel,Bhaktapur,Kirtipur and Matsyagaon . But their operation has been interrupted due to different technical problems.

30. civil aviation act 1995- T o regulate, prevent and control air pollution from air craft. Nepal mines act 1996- To ensure that mining activity are performed without any kind of risk to local people. Vehicles and transport act 1993 - To manage and regulate traffic pollution   and provide convenient and effective transportation facilities to the public.

31. This act has made compulsory to register any vehicle that is purchased and prohibits the use of vehicles without registration . This act also  authorizes to test the vehicles according to the criteria prescribed;- Mechanical condition of the vehicle Amount of pollution discharged by the vehicles Life span of the vehicles Make or appearance of the vehicles

32. AIR POLLUTION IN NEPAL

33. There are many organizations working to minimize, suppress and control air pollution world wide. Some of effective organizations are;- Air pollution control act(APCA) 1955 - F irst legislation on air pollution enacted by the U.S. government. This was to research the effect of air pollution and to provide technical assistance. INTERNATIONAL ACTION FOR AIR POLLUTION

34. The aim of the Clean Air for Europe Programme is to establish a long-term strategy to tackle air pollution and to protect against its effects on human health and the environment. This act collect scientific information on the effects of air pollution, support the correct implementation and effectiveness of existing legislation, to spread the information gathered during the programme among the general public. Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Programme .

35. This act has 50 member states, mainly European countries but also including some from Asia and USA and Canada. The aim is to limit and gradually reduce air pollution including long-range spread air pollution. The Convention is supplemented by protocols relating to the following pollutants - sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants and ozone.   The UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE )

36. The DFT is concerned with the environmental impact from transport sources, and sets fuel composition and emission limits. The government is working to adapt to the effects of climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by investing in low-carbon energy sources and improving fuel standards in cars. Department for Transport (DfT)

37. It provides advice on matters concerning the toxicity and effects upon health due to air pollutants.  Environmental protection agency(EPA)1970- I t’s purpose is to make sure the amount of air pollution emitted stays inside the standard. COMEAP ( Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants )

38. Amendment to clean air act 1970- Intended to meet unaddressed problems such as acid rain, ozone depletion and air toxics.

39. Wind turbines at sunset, Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, China. China's investments in renewable energies along with a debate on coal "give hope" for slower emission growth, according to a new report.

40. There are two main types of pollution control, Input control and Output control. Input control involves preventing a problem before it occurs, or at least limiting the effects. People may try to restrict population growth, use less energy, improve energy efficiency, reduce waste, and move to non-polluting renewable forms of energy production.  INDIVIDUAL'S EFFORT FOR CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION

41. Output control, fixes the problems caused by air pollution. This usually means cleaning up an area that has been damaged by pollution. It is usually by plantation. “One person alone cannot save the planet’s biodiversity, but each individual’s effort to encourage nature’s wealth must not be underestimated.” Plantation on each sides of the road.

42. REFERENCE Park,k . (2005) “A Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine.” 21 st edition Banaridas , Bharat, India. www.docstoc.com/docs22863269/initiative-to-study-transboundary/ ( date; 2014/1 /6 time; 5pm) www.aweimazaine.com/article (date; 2014/1/6 time;5:30) http://www. caanepal.or g.np/index.php?option=com_con.(2(tent&view=article&id=60&Itemid=38 (date; 2014/1/25 time; 3pm) http://walkeasyktm.wordpress.com/tag/vehicle-emission-testing/ (date 2014/1 /28 time;7pm) http://www.wikihow.com/Take-Action-to-Reduce-Air-Pollution (date; 2014/1/25 time;3pm

43. Thanks!!! For Co-operation