Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organ ppt

Thymus
Bone marrow
Lymphnodes
Spleen

1. VIVEKANANDHA Submitted to Ms.S.Anandhi Assistant Professor PG & Research Department of Biotechnology Vivekanandha Arts and Science College For Women Sankari Submitted by SHARMITHA.P II BSC BIOTECHNOLOGY PG & Research Department of Biotechnology Vivekanandha Arts and Science College For Women Sankari Assignment on “PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS ” Subject:IMMUNE AND IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY ARTS & SCIENCE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN [An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution] (Affiliated to Periyar University, Salem Recognised Under Section 2(f) &12(B) of the UGC Act, 1956) Veerachipalayam , Sankari West (Post) – 637 303, Sankari Tk , Salem Dt., Tamil Nadu PG & RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

2. Presentation by P.Sharmitha PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS

3. CONTENTS PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGAN .Thymus . Bonemarrow (Red bone marrow, white bone marrow) SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS . Lymph nodes . Spleen

4. INTRODUCTION Primary lymphoid organs Primary lymphoid organs: These organs include the bone marrow and the thymus. They make special immune system cells called lymphocytes. Secondary lymphoid organs: These organs include the lymph nodes, the spleen, the tonsils and certain tissue in various mucous membrane layers in the body (for instance, in the bowel).

5. Thymus The thymus gland, located behind your sternum and between your lungs, is only active until puberty. The thymus is the primary lymphoid organ for T lymphocyte development and maturation that mediates immune defense against foreign antigens, immune tolerance to self-antigens, and immune surveillance on tumor cells The thymus is the organ primarily responsible for the production and maturation of T cells, functioning as the initial site of T cell immune maturation through positive and negative selection processes. T cells are so named as they mature in the thymus and B cells are named thus, as they mature in the bone marrow

6. Thymus T cells originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus. T cells, in the thymus, multiply and differentiate into helper, regulatory, or cytotoxic T cells or become memory T cells. They are next sent to peripheral tissues or circulate in the blood or lymphatic system. Upon stimulation by the appropriate antigen, helper T cells secrete cytokines, which stimulate the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells (antibody-producing cells). Cytotoxic T cells, which are activated by various cytokines, bind to and kill infected cells and cancer cells

7. INJURY The cells in the thymus are delicate and sensitive to changes in the external environment and subtle insults such as infections, chemo- and radiation-therapy, resulting in thymic injury and degeneration. An example of injury thymus is injury malnutrition (poor nutrition) The thymus is indeed a barometer for nutrition and all anthropometric measurements and breastfeeding are associated with bigger thymus. The thymus can grow back at any time in life, particularly after periods of stress.

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9. FUNCTION OF THYMUS The thymus is the organ primarily responsible for the production and maturation of immune cells; including small lymphocytes that protect the body against foreign antigens. The thymus is the source of cells that will live in the lymphoid tissues and supports their maturation and proper function.

10. BONE MARROW Bone marrow is a spongy, soft tissue that resembles a jelly or jam that you would spread on toast. It comes in two colors, red and yellow. Bone marrow fills the cavities of your bones and holds cells that create red and white blood cells and platelets, which make hole blood Human marrow produces approximately 500 billion blood cells per day, which join the systemic circulation via permeable vasculature sinusoids within the medullary cavity

11. TYPES OF BONE MARROW RED BONE MARROW Red bone marrow contains bloodstem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. There are two types of human bone marrow: red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) and yellow bone marrow ( fatty tissue). Red bone marrow is also known as Medulla Ossium Rubra YELLOW BONE MARROW Yellow bone marrow is made mostly of fat and contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells. Enlarge. Anatomy of the bone. The bone is made up of compact bone, spongy bone, and bone marrow Yellowp bone marrow is also known as Medulla Ossium Flava

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13. FUNCTION OF BONE MARROW It is the blood cell ‘factory’. Healthy bone marrow releases blood cells into the bloodstream when they are mature and when required. Without bone marrow, our bodies could not produce the white cells we need to fight infection, the red blood cells we need to carry oxygen, and the platelets we need to stop bleeding.

14. RED BONE MARROW https://images.app.goo.gl/9zeuavdEuh1wddR68

15. SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS Secondary lymphoid organs are organs where immune cells (lymphocytes) mature, interact, and respond to pathogens. The main secondary lymphoid organs are:
1. Lymph Nodes: Filter lymph fluid, trap pathogens, and activate immune responses.
2. Spleen: Filters blood, removes old red blood cells, and stores immune cells.
3. Lymphoid Follicles: Found in lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).
4. Peyer’s Patches: Specialized lymphoid follicles in the small intestine.
5. Tonsils: Masses of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx.
6. Adenoids: Lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx.
7. Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT): Lymphoid tissue in mucous membranes (e.g., gut, respiratory tract).
8. Appendix: A small, tube-like structure attached to the large intestine, containing lymphoid tissue.

16. LYMPHNODES Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs that are the size of a pea. You have nodes throughout your body including in your armpits, neck and groin. Your lymph nodes can swell or get bigger, which is a sign that your body is fighting an infection or an illness. A lymph node’s job is to filter substances in your lymph fluid, which is a collection of fluid that drains from your cells and tissues. Lymph fluid contains: Proteins.
Minerals.
Fats.
Nutrients.
White blood cells (lymphocytes).
Damaged cells.
Cancer cells.
Bacteria and/or viruses (foreign invaders).

17. Function of Lymphnodes The primary function of lymph nodes is filtering interstitial fluid collected from soft tissues and eventually returning it to the vascular system. Filtering this exudative fluid allows for exposure of T-cells and B-cells to a wide range of antigens .25 Jul 2023​

18. SPLEEN The spleen is a small organ inside your left rib cage, just above the stomach. It’s part of the lymphatic system (which is part of the immune system). The spleen stores and filters blood and makes white blood cells that protect you from infection. Many diseases and conditions can affect how the spleen works. A ruptured (torn) spleen can be fatal. ​ White pulp:  As part of the immune system, the white pulp produces white blood cells. These blood cells make antibodies. Antibodies fight infection . ​

19. SPLEEN   Lymphatic system and immune system working properly, you should drink plenty of water, exercise regularly and maintain a healthy weight. Eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables ​

20. FUNCTION OF SPLEEN Stores blood. ​ Filters blood by removing cellular waste and getting rid of old or damaged blood cells. ​ Makes white blood cells and antibodies that help you fight infection. ​ Maintains the levels of fluid in your body. ​

21. CONCLUSION The spleen include removing abnormal blood cells and making components of the immune system. The spleen is vulnerable to a range of disorders. Some of these include splenamegaly , hypersplenism and splenic rupture.​​

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23. Thank you