principles and elements presentation.pptx

principles and elements presentation

1. PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN

2. PRINCIPLES OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN Balance: Balance in a landscape design is a visual equilibrium of different garden elements. Symmetrical Balance may be achieved through composition of equal number, types of colour of elements on each side of an assumed visual axis. It can be maintained on each side of imaginary axis by exact duplication of plant material in line, form and colour .

3. Asymmetrical balance is the dissimilar placement of unlike objects or masses on either side of the unstressed axis to create visual equilibrium. For example –a large tree can be balanced by planting of 3-4 shrubs on the opposite side. Similarly a large mass of blue, violet and white flowers can be visually balanced by planting low volume of red and orange flowers.

4. Landscape design with radial balance has a central point. A sunflower, a wheel and the cross section of an orange have radial balance. This type of balance is noticed in circular arrangements like making of circular beds and sunken gardens.

5. 2. Proportion Proportion is the pleasing and proper relationship of one part of a design to another and the whole. The relative size of elements or amount of colour in a composition can be examples of proportion. If any part seems large or ungainly in comparison to the rest, it will not give complete satisfaction. The inter relation of one part of the object to another should also be considered in designing the space. In a landscape, the features like lawn, herbaceous border, arboretum, shrubbery, water garden etc. should occupy a position in proportion to their importance and in definite ratio to each other. It will create a harmonious effect and will be pleasing to eyes. Proportion helps in space organization. For example, a rectangle having a ratio of 5 : 8 is considered to be of pleasing proportion.

6. 3. Scale Scale denotes the relative size of objects and plants. This takes into consideration the plant volume as well as size of both foliage and blossoms. It gives sensation of bigness or smallness in a space e.g. many large leaved plants would be inappropriate in a small garden. Appropriate adoption of scale is the basic necessity for creating a naturalistic garden design. in a landscape composition the scale of the object is established by the introduction of anything that shows a person’s height such as steps, doors, etc. plants and constructed features should be selected relative to the scale of the site, size of the residence and resulting side space. Installation of very tall trees can be frustrating experience in a small garden. As large species mature they overwhelm the space and outgrow the site by extending beyond the properties bound. Similarly a narrow step leading from a wide terrace is completely out of scale. The steps should not only be broader than those inside the house but should have deep treds (the stepping) and low risers also.

7. Riser Tread 2 R + T= 65 cm

8. 4. Rhythm Rhythm is measured as cyclic repetition of an object, effect and event. Repetition of same objects at equidistance is called rhythm. It can be created through space, repetition of shapes, progression of sizes or a continuous line movement. When the eye jumps from form to form and colour to colour without repetition no design is followed and without rhythm design become uninteresting. Learning to feel the rhythmatic beat of colour and form in a design is a stimulating experience. Just as some colours can affect the emotions e.g. red is exciting, green is soothing similarly lines can stimulate or relax. Long flowing curves are considered passives, soft and pleasant whereas pointed lines tend to be active and vigorous. Straight lines and square corners imply strong solid structural qualities as opposed to curved fluid lines. The abstract qualities of lines and colour and form make the design rhythmatic and evoke moods and emotions through landscape. Repetition of plants, trees, shrubs, ground covers and paving in a design leads to orderliness and unity. It also establishes an emotional and visual linkage or patterns to the design, creating physical movement within the design. The important example of rhythm are; the action of a dancer in case of Punjabi folk dance in which the eye travels from one dancer to another without disturbance, the beat of marshal music and when a stone is thrown in a water tank, the waves are seen in a rhythmic action.

9. 5. Harmony Harmony is the pleasing effect obtained due to an apt arrangement and collation of various garden features i.e. feeling together the various parts of a composition without a clash. Every part of the landscape must merge into a whole. Harmony qualifies the unity and completeness of the design. It relies principally on scale/proportion and the pleasing relationship of shape and size. The beauty of the landscape depends upon the degree of harmony of various elements. It is the evident relationship of all parts of a thing observed visually, audibly and psychically. When the components of landscape architecture possess harmony, the picturesque effect is produced and can aesthetically please the visitor.

10. 6. Unity Unity means oneness. It is created when all the parts of a design blend together to form a single idea or impression. Unity is achieved by using similar plant textures, forms or colours by planning noticeable repetition and transition from one group to another. Too much variety can lead to confusion. To reduce monotony, different textures, shapes, heights or colours of plants may be used. While unity is essential, variety harmonizes a design and saves from monotony. Unity is not maintained when different types of accent plants are used in the same area. To achieve a unity between the house and the garden it is a common practice to train creepers on the front porch which cover the rudeness of a masonry work and also bring the house closer to nature. Similarly foundation planting of shrubs are also done near the foundation of house

11. Accent, emphasis or focalization A dominant point in the design with uncompromising aesthetic appeal which attracts and holds the attention of the viewer is the accent/emphasis or focal point. It may draw attention through its shape, colour , texture, size, sound or motion. It helps to avoid the monotonous view. Landscape designer should know what to emphasize, where to emphasize, how to emphasize and how much to emphasize. Mostly tall foundation tree, statue etc. are used to create the effect of accent or emphasis. In formal designs, the focal point is often at the end of axis or in some cases the central feature of focalization is located at the crossing of the two axis. In informal designs, the various parts of the composition lead the eye to the final focal point of climax.

12. Vista Vista is the view of an object, the focal point through a long narrow passage. The lightened lamp and the idol in a temple seen from outside through successive door offers a vista. It is the three dimensional confined view of a terminal object along eye line at focal point. e.g . Taj as viewed from its opposite.

13. ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN The principles of design are used to create a successful arrangement. On the other hand, the elements of good design are used in achieving those principles. Much like building blocks are used to make structures. The principles of design are similar to a recipe with the elements of the design being ingredients. In order that we might create successful arrangement through the use of principles the following design elements must be kept in mind : line, form, texture, colour , light, shadow and space.

14. 1. Line: Line in a design is the visual path that eye travels as it passes through the arrangement. Line establishes the skeleton of the design, particularly when the linear elements are used. Line be used to draw attention to an object, divide a space, group related object together or separate ed objects in a landscape design. Line may also be created by the repetition of similar flower colours , texture and shapes. Certain emotional qualities are seen in the line arrangement. A vertical line in the design gives a feeling of strength and suggests a direct movement without any agitation. However, a curved line adds gentleness or restfulness and is pleasant and encourages slower movement. When the lines by their juxtaposition make a sharp angle they give harsh effect and indicate rigidity.

15. Straight square lines are active and harsh. When line encloses a mass, an outline is formed. Angled lines are active and vigorous whereas Lines also round up to create a curve. The expressive beauty of curve is significant in the outlines of the pool, borders, roads and the walkways.

16. 2. Form or Shape : The total effect given by the mass and its outline is shape. Shape is the appearance of the plant. Plant shape or habit is related to form. Plant masses are selected to achieve a desired visual effect. Vertical branching habit of trees leads the eye upwards such as pines and spruce. On the other hand, horizontal branching pulls the vision to ground forms. Form is the total effect of the trunk, branches and foliage e.g., Duranta repens -shrub if only one plant is planted gives another effect whereas the same shrub in a hedge planting gives a different effects. Similarly, Casaurina equisetifolia gives a vertical form; on the other hand, Tecoma stans gives horizontal form. A group of plants planted together may give an overall horizontal form. Formal designs usually incorporate plant materials of symmetrical form in them such as Traveller's palm ( Ravenala madagascarensis ) or Royal palm ( Roystonia regia ) while the informal designs usually calls for plants with loose form such as Jacaranda mimosaefolia and Callistemon spp etc.

17. Circular Square Irregular Polygon Tree forms Shrub forms Ground cover forms

18. 3. Texture : It refers to the surface qualities such as glossyness , smoothness and roughness. Texture is how something feels when it is touched or looks like it would feel if touched. Texture includes the overall effect of the plant and also the texture of plant organs such as bark (trunk), branches, leaves and fruits etc. Plants are classified as fine texture e.g. Plants with narrow and small leaves like Pines, Deodar, Salix, Spruce and Delonix and Jacaranda. Large and broad leaved species like Kanak champa and Terminalia give feeling of coarse texture. Both animate (plants) and inanimate objects (buildings, structures, roads and paths) in landscape design have texture. In general, fine textured plants enrich architecture having smooth surfaces while coarse textured plants harmonize with large spaces and coarse building material. The texture of each part of a design should blend pleasingly with its neighbour . Illusions can be created by using differences in texture. It can be used for development of depth or distance. The fine texture gives the illusion of being farther away, while coarse texture gives the illusion of closeness. A bold contrast in texture can also be used as an accent or a focal point.

19. 4. Colour : It is the most important element in the landscape design. The visual sensation produced by rays of decomposed light is colour . The use of colour in the landscape design can be more accurately done by using colour scheme/wheel.

20. VIBGYOR R B Y O V G 1. Primary colours : Blue, Red and Yellow 2. Secondary colours : Green (Blue + Yellow), Orange (Red + Yellow) and Violet (Blue + Red) 3. Tertiary colours : these are formed when primary colour is mixed with secondary color e.g. GY, YO, OR etc.

21. Hue: Pure colour with no addition of black or white Tint: Lightening of basic hue by addition of white Shade: Deepening of basic colour by addition of black Tone: A chromatic change of pure hue by addition of black and white i.e. grey Value: Describes the colour intensity of hue

22. Colour Schemes Accent Neutral : Accent neutral colour scheme is composed of flower of any hue used with a neutral background. A single accent colour is selected for emphasis. The background foliage may white, grey brown or black e.g. planting of yellow marigold against Acalphya hedge. Monochromatic colour scheme : This is created by tints and shades of flowers, foliage and containers/ background having a single hue; e.g., blue Petunia with blue Lobelia or Larkspur. Orange Dimorphotheca with orange Calendula or California poppy. Analogous colour scheme : It is created by combining any three colours found next to each other on the colour wheel. This colour scheme is successful because any three colours that lie next to each other on the colour wheel have one primary colour which has been used in each of the other hues c.g. , use of yellow, yellow green and green is an example of colour scheme. Complementary or Contrasting colour scheme : In a colour scheme, when any two colours that are located directly across each other on the colour wheel are used, is called complementary colour scheme. e.g., red and green, violet and yellow, blue and orange, e.g., red Salvia is used against green Kochia, yellow pansies against violet lobelia. Split complementary colour scheme : It resembles a complementary colour scheme except that the three hues are used i.e., hue located on one side of the colour wheel is used with each of the hue located on other side of the colour wheel. e.g., violet with yellow-green and yellow. Triadic : It is the use of three colours in the triangle Yellow, Red and Blue, or Violet, orange and green

23. 5. Light and Shadow : These elements when used in design increase the day length of the garden. Light causes shadows. As the sun passes through the sky, form created by shade continuously change and move. Artificial lightening at night for trees and shrubs casts integrity patterns on ground or walls. Light include both natural as well as artificial light. As we change the source of light, size of light and colour of light gives an opportunity of making a variety of combinations in the design. Light can be used as a utility item on paths. Silhouette is associated with lighting the garden. When the source of light is behind the plant and we see it from the front, then shadow so seen is called silhouette particularly in umbrella type trees. When the source of light is at height and the shadow is falling on the ground and the surface will be screen for lightening is called down lighting. When the source of light is below and plant is at a height, is called up lighting. But it should be in a portion that it should not shine in the viewer's eye.

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