PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF FIRST AID.pptx

First Aid is defined as the skilled assistance given to a suddenly ill or injured person before professional help is accessed.
more recently, first aid is defined as “helping behaviors and initial care provided for an acute illness or injury.
it is concerned not only with physical injury or illness but also with other initial care, including psychosocial support for people suffering emotional distress from experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. – IFRC 2016 resuscitation guidelines.

Experts have identified the following four (4) aims for First Aid practice and they are usually referred to as the 4 p’s of First Aid :
To Preserve Or Save Life
To Prevent Worsening of the Condition
To Provide Psychosocial
To Promote Recovery Support/Alleviate Suffering

A First Aid Provider is defined as someone trained in first aid who should recognize, assess and prioritize the need for first aid.
The first aid provider offers care using appropriate competencies, recognizes limitations and seeks additional care when needed.
IFRC international First Aid, resuscitation, and education guidelines 2020.

On a general note, some workplace may seem very safe and healthy. this is not true because many workplaces are very hazardous and expose employees to things that can injure them or make them suddenly ill. according to the international labor organization (ILO), “some 2.3 million women and men around the world succumb to work-related accidents or diseases every year; this corresponds to over 6000 deaths every single day. worldwide, there are around 340 • • million occupational accidents and 160 million victims of work-related illnesses annually”.

Many life threatening medical emergencies can degenerate very quickly. Instant First Aid reduces recovery time. For example, if bleeding is not swiftly stopped, it can degenerate into the casualty experiencing shock as a result of excessive loss of blood. this is why having a trained first aid provider on ground at work and elsewhere is very important.

When you give First Aid, it is important to protect yourself (and the casualty) from infection as well as injury.
Take steps to avoid cross-contamination—transmitting germs or infection to a casualty or contracting infection from a casualty. remember, infection is a risk even with relatively minor injuries.
it is a particular concern if you are treating a wound, because blood-borne viruses, such as hepatitis b or c and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), may be transmitted by contact with blood. In practice, the risk is low and should not deter you from carrying out first aid.
The risk increases if an infected person’s blood makes contact with yours through a cut or scrape.
usually, taking measures such as washing your hands and wearing disposable gloves will provide sufficient protection for you and the casualty.
There is no known evidence of these blood-borne viruses being transmitted during resuscitation.

1. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF FIRST AID IN THE WORKPLACE presented by MESIO valentine

2. COURSE OBJECTIVES By the end of this training, participants will be able to : Explain what it means to be a First Aider Attend to emergencies safely Apply basic knowledge of body systems in giving first aid care Describe Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and use of in adults Demonstrate first aid care for (selected) common ailments AED Workplace First Aid Preparedness

3. INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE FOR FIRST AID Definition of First Aid : First Aid is defined as the skilled assistance given to a suddenly ill or injured person before professional help is accessed . more recently, first aid is defined as “helping behaviors and initial care provided for an acute illness or injury. it is concerned not only with physical injury or illness but also with other initial care, including psychosocial support for people suffering emotional distress from experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. – IFRC 2016 resuscitation guidelines.

4. Aims and Objectives of First Aid Experts have identified the following four (4) aims for First Aid practice and they are usually referred to as the 4 p’s of First Aid : To Preserve Or Save Life To Prevent Worsening of t he Condition To Provide Psychosocial To Promote Recovery Support/Alleviate Suffering

5. Who is a First Aid Provider? A First Aid Provider is defined as someone trained in first aid who should recognize, assess and prioritize the need for first aid. The first aid provider offers care using appropriate competencies, recognizes limitations and seeks additional care when needed. IFRC international First Aid, resuscitation, and education guidelines 2020.

6. WHY IS FIRST AID IMPORTANT? O n a general note, some workplace may seem very safe and healthy. this is not true because many workplaces are very hazardous and expose employees to things that can injure them or make them suddenly ill. according to the international labor organization (ILO), “some 2.3 million women and men around the world succumb to work-related accidents or diseases every year; this corresponds to over 6000 deaths every single day. worldwide, there are around 340 • • million occupational accidents and 160 million victims of work-related illnesses annually”.

7. PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID • Time Concept in First Aid M any life threatening medical emergencies can degenerate very quickly. Instant First Aid reduces recovery time. F or example, if bleeding is not swiftly stopped, it can degenerate into the casualty experiencing shock as a result of excessive loss of blood. this is why having a trained first aid provider on ground at work and elsewhere is very important.

8. Universal Precautions and personal protections W hen you give First Aid, it is important to protect yourself (and the casualty) from infection as well as injury. T ake steps to avoid cross-contamination—transmitting germs or infection to a casualty or contracting infection from a casualty. remember , infection is a risk even with relatively minor injuries. it is a particular concern if you are treating a wound, because blood-borne viruses, such as hepatitis b or c and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), may be transmitted by contact with blood. I n practice, the risk is low and should not deter you from carrying out first aid. T he risk increases if an infected person’s blood makes contact with yours through a cut or scrape. usually , taking measures such as washing your hands and wearing disposable gloves will provide sufficient protection for you and the casualty . T here is no known evidence of these blood-borne viruses being transmitted during resuscitation. if a face shield or pocket mask is available, it should be used when you give rescue breaths. – First Aid manual of the American college of emergency physicians.

9. OVERVIEW OF BODY SYSTEMS Cardiovascular System T he heart and many blood vessels in the body make up human’s cardiovascular system or circulatory system. your heart uses the far-reaching, intricate network of blood vessels to deliver oxygen, nutrients, etc. to your whole body. This network also eliminates the things your body doesn’t need and takes them to organs that can get rid of the waste. Blood is pumped around the body by rhythmic contractions (beats) of the heart muscle. T he blood runs through a network of vessels, divided into three types: arteries, veins, and capillaries. the force that is exerted by the blood flow through the main arteries is called blood pressure. The pressure varies with the strength and phase of the heartbeat, the elasticity of the arterial walls, and the volume and thickness of the blood.

10. OVERVIEW OF BODYSYSTEMS CONTD., Capillary networks A network of fine blood vessels (capillaries) links arteries and veins within body tissues . O xygen and nutrients pass from the blood into the tissues; waste products pass from the tissues into the blood, through capillaries. T he heart this muscular organ pumps blood around the body and then to the lungs to pick up oxygen. coronary blood vessels supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients. T he heart pumps blood by muscular contractions called heartbeats, which are controlled by electrical impulses generated in the heart.

11. The Nervous System The nervous system is the body's information gathering, storage, and control system. it consists of a central processing unit—the brain—and a network of nerve cells and fibers. T here are two main parts to the nervous system: the central nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which consists of all the nerves that connect the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body. I n addition, the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system controls body functions such as digestion, heart rate, and breathing. T he central nervous system receives and analyzes information from all parts of the body. T he nerves carry messages, in the form of high speed electrical impulses, between the brain and the rest of the nervous system.

12. FIRST AID RESPONSE TO VARIOUS SITUATIONS Defining an Emergency Cambridge dictionary states that An emergency is a sudden, often devastating occurrence which may pose a threat to lives, property and the environment; especially if on a large scale and prolonged.

13. What are the actions to be taken during emergency? What are the actions to be taken during an emergency ? I n any emergency there are usually life-threatening hazards. “…it is important that you follow a clear plan of action. T his will enable you to prioritize the demands that may be made upon you, and help you decide on your best response. T HE PRINCIPLE STEPS ARE: T o assess the situation, T o make the area safe (if possible), and to give first aid. U se the primary survey procedure to identify the most seriously injured casualties and treat them in the order of priority.”

14. Talking to the Emergency Services S tate your name clearly and say that you are acting in your capacity as a first aider. It is essential to provide the following: your telephone number and/or the number you are calling from. The exact location of the incident; give a road name and number . It can also be helpful to mention any intersections or other landmarks in the area. In many cases your call can be traced if you are unsure of your exact location. If you are on a highway, say in which direction the vehicles were traveling. T he type and gravity of the emergency. for example, “traffic accident, two cars, road blocked, three people trapped.” N umber, gender, and age of casualties. for example, “one man, early sixties, breathing difficulties, suspected heart attack.” • Details of any hazards, such as gas, toxic substances, power-line damage, or adverse weather conditions, such as rain, etc.

15. CPR AND USE OF AED IN ADULTS Define CPR and AED (Automated External Defrillator) CPR – or cardiopulmonary resuscitation – is an emergency lifesaving procedure performed when the heart stops beating . immediate CPR can double or triple chances of survival after cardiac arrest. – American heart association it is an emergency procedure that can save someone’s life if they have stopped breathing or their heart has stopped. A person is in cardiac arrest when the heart stops beating. the heart cannot pump blood to the rest of the body, including the brain and lungs during cardiac arrest . it can lead to death in minutes without treatment. CPR uses chest compressions to imitate how the heart pumps to help keep blood flowing throughout the body.

16. The 6 steps in the adult out-of-hospital Chain of Survival

17. HOW TO PLACE CASUALTY in recovery position When a person is responsive but not fully awake, put the person in a recovery position if the person has no obvious signs of injury. T he recovery position helps to lower the person’s risk for choking and aspiration (the inhalation of foreign matter, such as saliva or vomit, into the lungs). Y ou should also use the recovery position if a person with an injury begins to vomit, or if it is necessary to leave the person alone to call 1-1-2 or the designated emergency number . R ecovery position is the first aid procedure for an unconscious casualty who is still breathing normally.

18. APPLICATION OF FIRST AID SKILLS IN WORKPLACE Who is a Designated First Aider ? T his is an employee who has received First-Aid training and has been appointed as a designated first aider. A nd shall be readily available during working hours to provide skilled application of life saving procedures in case of a medical emergency. Having been trained initially and certified, the first aider will continue to undergo retraining, so as to be up-to-date in terms of knowledge and skills . The designated first aider must keep records of all emergencies that he/she attended to from time to time.

19. APPLICATION OF FIRST Aid SKILLS IN THE WORKPLACE CONTD . Limits of the Designated First Aider T he designated first aider is only to provide skilled assistance in emergency situation. H e is to summon professional help. He is not to go beyond his level of training.

20. First Aid Care for Respiratory I f you know the cause of the respiratory distress (for example, an asthma attack or anaphylaxis ) A nd the person carries medication used for the emergency treatment of the condition . O ffer to help the person take his or her medication. E ncourage the person to sit down and lean forward. M any people find that this position helps to make breathing easier. P roviding reassurance can reduce anxiety, which may also help to make breathing easier. Arrest

21. Diabetic Emergencies What is Diabetic? D iabetes is a chronic condition characterized by the body’s inability to process glucose (sugar) in the bloodstream. A n organ called the pancreas secretes insulin, a hormone that causes glucose to be moved from the bloodstream into the cells, where it is used for energy. I n a person with diabetes, either the pancreas fails to make enough insulin or the body’s cells are unable to respond to insulin. E ither situation causes glucose levels in the bloodstream to increase .

22. Signs and Symptoms of Diabetic emergencies A person who is having a diabetic emergency will seem generally ill. He or she may feel dizzy or shaky, have a headache, or have cool, clammy skin. The person’s behavior may change (for example, he or she may become irritable, aggressive or argumentative). If the person is experiencing hyperglycemia, his or her breath may have a fruity or sweet odor. Severe hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia can result in confusion, seizures or loss of consciousness and may life threatening.

23. Workplace First Aid Preparedness First Aid Kits – Ensuring workplaces have well-stocked first aid kits that comply with safety regulations. Trained Personnel – D esignating and training employees to act as first aid responders. Emergency Procedures – E stablishing clear protocols for reporting and responding to workplace injuries. Regular Drills and Training – C onducting periodic training to keep employees prepared for emergencies.

24. THANK YOU