principles of first aid and emergency nursing.pptx

Principles of first aid

1. Principles of basic skills in first aid and emergency nursing

2. Out lines Who provides first aid 
:Responsibilities of a first aider 
Basic principles of first aid 
Management of airway obstruction 
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation 
Complications of cpr 

3. Who provides first aid? In most cases, first aid is performed by passers-by—usually members of the public—who witness an accident or emergency. When trained, people can provide basic medical care to treat minor injuries and preserve life until professional medical help arrives.

4. Who provides first aid?  Police, Bombay/firefighters
 Ambulance members,
 Red Crescent members
 Bystanders,
 public members
 Relatives, family members, friends
 Workmates, teachers
 Medical students, anyone

5. Responsibilities of a first
aider: The role of the first aider
First aid is the help given to someone who is injured or ill to keep them safe and to cause no further harm. The role of a first aider is to give someone this help. Learn what to do.

6. 1-Assess the situation quickly and calmly. Safety : check whether you or the casualty are in any danger. Is it safe to approach them? (Are you wearing protective equipment?) Scene : find out what caused the accident or situation and how many casualties there are. Situation : find out what’s happened, how many people are involved and how old they are. Are there any children or elderly?

7. 2-Protect yourself and them from any danger. Always protect yourself first – never put yourself at risk.
Only move them if leaving them would cause them more harm.
If you can’t make an area safe, call 999 or 112 for emergency help.

8. 3-Prevent infection between you and them. Wash your hands with soap and water or rub your hands with alcohol gel.
Wear disposable, latex free gloves. Do not touch an open wound without gloves on. If you do not have any gloves, you could use clean plastic bags or ask the casualty to dress the wound if they are able.
Do not breathe, cough or sneeze over a wound or casualty.

9. 4-Comfort and reassure. Stay calm and take charge of the situation.
Introduce yourself to them to help gain their trust.
Explain the situation and anything you’re going to do before you do it.
Treat the casualty with dignity and respect at all times.

10. 5-Assess the casualty and give first aid treatment. If there’s more than one casualty make sure you help those with life-threatening conditions first.
Use the primary survey to deal with any life-threatening conditions. When these have been dealt with successfully move on to the secondary survey.

11. 6-Arrange for help if needed. Call 999 or 112 for an ambulance if you think it’s serious.

12. Principles of first aid: TEN PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID YOU NEED TO KNOW 1-Don’t panic. Panic clouds thinking and causes mistakes. When I was an intern and learning what to do when confronted with an unresponsive patient, a wise resident advised me when entering a “code blue” situation to always “take my own pulse first.” In other words, I needed to calm myself before attempting to intervene.

13. 2-First, do no harm. This doesn’t mean do nothing. It means make sure that if you’re going to do something you’re confident it won’t make matters worse. If you’re not sure about the risk of harm of a particular intervention, don’t do it. So don’t move a trauma victim, especially an unconscious one, unless not moving them puts them at great risk (and by the way, cars rarely explode).

14. Don’t remove an embedded object (like a knife or nail) as you may precipitate more harm (e.g., increased bleeding). And if there’s nothing you can think to do yourself, you can always call for help. In fact, if you’re alone and your only means to do that is to leave the victim, then leave the victim.

15. 3-CPR can be life-sustaining . But most people do it wrong. First, studies suggest no survival advantage when bystanders deliver breaths to victims compared to when they only do chest compressions. Second, most people don’t compress deeply enough or perform compressions quickly enough. You really need to indent the chest and should aim for 100 compressions per minute. That’s

16. more than 1 compression per second. If you’re doing it right, CPR should wear you out. Also, know that CPR doesn’t reverse ventricular fibrillation, the most common cause of unconsciousness in a patient suffering from a heart attack. Either electricity (meaning defibrillation) or medication is required for that. But CPR is a bridge that keeps vital organs oxygenated until paramedics arrive. Which is why…

17. 4-Time counts. The technology we now have to treat two of the most common and devastating medical problems in America, heart attacks and strokes, has evolved to an amazing degree, but patients often do poorly because they don’t gain access to that technology in time. The risk of dying from a heart attack, for example, is greatest in the first 30 minutes after symptoms begin. By the time most people even admit to themselves the chest pain they’re feeling could be related to their heart, they’ve usually passed that critical juncture. If you or someone you know has risk factors for heart disease and starts experiencing chest pain, resist the urge to write it off.

18. 5-Don’t use hydrogen peroxide on cuts or open wounds. It’s more irritating to tissue than it is helpful. Soap and water and some kind of bandage are best.

19. 6-When someone passes out but continues breathing and has a good pulse, the two most useful pieces of information to help doctors figure out what happened are: 1) the pulse rate, and 2) the length of time it takes for consciousness to return.

20. 7-High blood pressure is rarely acutely dangerous . First, high blood pressure is a normal and appropriate response to exercise, stress, fear, and pain. Many patients I follow for high blood pressure begin panicking when their readings start to come in higher. But the damage high blood pressure does to the human body takes place over years to decades. There is such a thing as a hypertensive emergency, when the blood pressure is higher than around 200/120, but it’s quite rare to see readings that high, and even then, in the absence of symptoms (headache, visual disturbances, nausea, confusion) it’s considered a hypertensive urgency, meaning you have 24 hours to get the pressure down before you get into trouble.

21. 8-If a person can talk or cough, their airway is open. Meaning they’re not choking. Don’t Heimlich someone who says to you, “I’m choking.”

22. 9-Most seizures are not emergencies . The greatest danger posed to someone having a seizure is injury from unrestrained forceful muscular contractions. Don’t attempt to move a seizing person’s tongue. Don’t worry—they won’t swallow it. Move any objects on which they may hurt themselves away from the area (including glasses from their head) and time the seizure. A true seizure is often followed by a period of confusion called “post ictal confusion

23. 10-Drowning doesn’t look like what you think it does . For one thing, drowning people are physiologically incapable of crying out for help. In fact, someone actually drowning is usually barely moving at all (I strongly encourage everyone to click on this link to learn more about how to recognize what drowning does look like).

24. Management of airway obstruction 

25. Airway management includes a set of maneuvers and medical procedures performed to prevent and relieve airway obstruction.
 This ensures an open pathway for gas exchange between a patient’s lungs and the atmosphere.
 This is accomplished by either clearing a previously
obstructed airway; or by preventing airway obstruction in cases such as anaphylaxis, the obtunded patient, or medical sedation.

26. Airway management is a primary
consideration in the fields of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, anaesthesia, emergency medicine, intensive care medicine, and first aid.  The “A” in the ABC treatment mnemonic is for airway

27. What happens when you
choke? Choking is a blockage of the upper airway by food or other objects, which prevents a person from breathing effectively. Choking can cause a simple coughing fit, but complete blockage of the airway may lead to death. Choking is a true medical emergency that requires fast, appropriate action by anyone available.

28. Watch for these signs of choking: One or both hands clutched to the throat.
A look of panic, shock or confusion.
Inability to talk.
Strained or noisy breathing.
Squeaky sounds when trying to breathe.
Cough, which may either be weak or forceful.
Skin, lips and nails that change color turning blue or gray .
Loss of consciousness.

29. Causes of an Airway Obstruction  The Tongue – If a person is unconscious and lying flat on their back, their tongue can fall back into their throat and block their own airway, preventing air from entering the lungs.
 Foreign Object – If a person swallows or inhales a foreign object, this item may block the airway, resulting in choking, coughing and wheezing.
 The tissues of the airway itself,
 Bodily fluids such as blood and gastric contents(aspiration).

30. First Aid treatment  There are three steps that you should follow for
adults and children over 1:
 1 . Encourage the victim to cough
 Always ask the person if he/she can cough and if so encourage it
 2. Back slaps
 Deliver 5 hard backslaps with the heel of the hand between the shoulder blades
 After each slap check if the object has been dislodged
 3. Abdominal thrusts or better known as Heimlich Manoeuvre

31. Heimlich manuver The anatomy associated with the Heimlich maneuver mainly focuses on expelling a foreign body by standing on the rear of the patient, placing arms around, and delivering a sharp inward and upward thrust to the abdomen below the rib cage.

32. Heimlich manuver Place the thumb side of your fist just below their ribcage and about two inches above their belly button (navel). Sharply and quickly thrust your hands inward and upward five times. Repeat this process until you free (dislodge) the object stuck in their windpipe, or the person becomes unconscious

33. If They Become Unconscious:  Tilt the victims head and lift their chin.
 Apply pressure to the forehead to tilt th Attempt 2 Full Breaths  Keep head tilted back and pinch the victim’s nose shut. Seal your lips tightly around their mouth and give 2 full breaths for 1 to 1 ½ seconds each. Allow chest to fully deflate between breathse head back and lift the chin.

34. Infants (children under the age of 1) :  1. Lay the baby face down along your forearm, with theirhead low.
 2. Give up to 5 back blows between the shoulder blades with the heel of your hand. Check their mouth quickly after each one and remove any obvious obstruction.
 3. If the obstruction is still present turn the baby onto their back and give up to 5 chest thrusts, with 2 fingers in the middle of the chest pushing inwards and upwards. Check the mouth quickly after each one.

35. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation  Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure that combines chest compressions often with artificial ventilation in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest. It is recommended in those who are unresponsive with no breathing

36. CPR step-by-step Step 1. Call 911 First, check the scene for factors that could put you in danger, such as traffic, fire, or falling masonry. Next, check the person. Do they need help? Tap their shoulder and shout, “Are you OK?”
If they are not responding, call 911 or ask a bystander to call 911 before performing CPR. If possible, ask a bystander to go and search for an AED machine. People can find these in offices and many other public buildings.

37. Step 2. Place the person on their back and open their airway Place the person carefully on their back and kneel beside their chest. Tilt their head back slightly by lifting their chin.

Open their mouth and check for any obstruction, such as food or vomit. Remove any obstruction if it is loose. If it is not loose, trying to grasp it may push it farther into the airway.

38. Step 3. Check for breathing Place your ear next the person’s mouth and listen for no more than 10 seconds. If you do not hear breathing, or you only hear occasional gasps, begin CPR.

If someone is unconscious but still breathing, do not perform CPR. Instead, if they do not seem to have a spinal injury, place them in the recovery position. Keep monitoring their breathing and perform CPR if they stop breathing.

39. Step 4. Perform 30 chest compressions Place one of your hands on top of the other and clasp them together. With the heel of the hands and straight elbows, push hard and fast in the center of the chest, slightly below the nipples.

Push at least 2 inches deep. Compress their chest at a rate of least 100 times per minute. Let the chest rise fully between compressions.

40. Step 5. Perform two rescue breaths Making sure their mouth is clear, tilt their head back slightly and lift their chin. Pinch their nose shut, place your mouth fully over theirs, and blow to make their chest rise.

If their chest does not rise with the first breath, retilt their head. If their chest still does not rise with a second breath, the person might be choking.

41. Step 6. Repeat Repeat the cycle of 30 chest compressions and two rescue breaths until the person starts breathing or help arrives. If an AED arrives, carry on performing CPR until the machine is set up and ready to use.

42. A person might need CPR if they stop breathing in any of the following circumstances: A cardiac arrest or heart attack
choking
a road traffic accident
near-drowning ,suffocation poisoning,a drug or alcohol overdose
smoke inhalation, electrocution
suspected sudden infant death syndrome

43. Complication of cpr  rib fracture
 lung injuries such as pneumothorax and lung contusion
 abdominal organ injuries such as hepatic, splenic and gastric injuries.
 chest and/or abdominal pain requiring analgesics.