Principles of Political Science (Nature, Scope)

Explore the foundational concepts of political science in this comprehensive presentation. This unit covers the nature and scope of political science, the significance of its study, and the types of government from classical to modern perspectives. Learn about key political thinkers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and delve into the definitions and nature of political science. The presentation also examines various forms of government, including unitary, federal, parliamentary, and presidential systems, highlighting their features, merits, and demerits. Perfect for students and enthusiasts looking to deepen their understanding of political science.

1. Principles of Political Science Unit 1: Nature and scope of Political Science Meaning and definitions of Political Science Nature and scope of Political Science. Significance of the study of Political Science Types of Government - Classical and Modern - Unitary and Federal, Parliamentary and Presidential

2. Meaning and definitions of Political Science 3 important Political Thinkers i.e. Socrates Plato and Aristotle (who is called as father of Political Science. The term political science is related to the word politics, which itself derived from the Greek word “polis” that means city state. Nature of a Man Quarrelsome Social Greedy Selfish.

3. Definition: ( CLASSICAL) 1. JW Garner: “Political Science starts and ends with state”. 2. R.G. Gettel : “Political Science is association of human to form Political Units with organization of government and administer law.” 3. Paul Jannet: “Political part of social science which treats the fountains of states and principles of government.” 4. Bluntschelli : “Political Science which concerned with state and endeavor to understand the state.” 5. Stephan Lecock : “Political Science deals with Government”.

4. 6. J. Sealos : “Political Science investigates the phenomena of government as Political Economy deals with wealth, biology with life etc.” (MODERN) Herold Laski: “Relation of Man to Government”. 2. Laswell and Laski: “Political Science is study of shaping and sharing power as policy science.” 3. Davil Easton: “Activities that influence on authority and society.” 4. Herola Lasewell : “ Science of who gets what, when and why. 5. Max Weber: “Struggle for Power.”

5. Nature Of Political Science: Observation Experiments Cause and Effect Draws and Conclusion Universal. Scope Of Political Science: 1. Political Theory 2. Political Institution 3. Political Dynamics 4. International Relation. Importance of Political Science State Functioning Building State Helps People to understand Government Awareness of democracy.

6. Forms of Government: Unitary Form of Government Single power holder. Features: Single Government No Statutory Body Written or Unwritten Constitution Flexible Constitution Single Citizenship Supreme single legislature No independent judiciary. No Division of power Only one national force.

7. Merits Demerits Provide Strong Government Absence of diversity Single Policy and Administration No division of power Less expensive Ignorant of local conditions Smooth working of Government Corruption of power Easy adjustment according to needs Limited participation Suited to small countries Not suitable for large countries Allegiance to the government Easily collapsed Easy and simple Single Government Uniformity Best during war Unitary Form of Government

8. Forms of Government: 2. Federal form of Government. 2 sets of government in short 1 at center and one in state Features: Supremacy of Constitution. Rigid and written constitution Two sets of government Division of powers Independent judiciary Existence of bicameral legislature Dual citizenship Special representation of minory

9. Merits Demerits Protect liberty Weak due to internal and external affairs Prevent despotic govt Blaming for wrong decisions Allows experiments in local legislation and administration i.e. suitable Conflict and dispute about jurisdiction Bureaucracy is under check More expensive and burdened government Necessary for huge countries Always possibility of delay Division of powers No change in the rules Protect local autonomy Variety of law Safeguard weak states Fails under emergency conditions Get many resources Danger of separations Provide more opportunities Centralized powers Achieve political domination 2. Federal Form of Government

10. 3. Parliamentary form of Government Cabinet form of Government (Representative). Existence of two executive i.e. Nominal (Head of State) and Real (Head of Government) i.e. PM and Cabinet. Features: Nominal executive. Cabinet enjoys real power. Bills need assent of Nominal Executive. Fusion of powers. PM is the leader and majority. Cabinet has no fixed period of working. Principles of secrecy and procedure. No clear separation of powers. Right to dissolve the parliament. Parliament is supreme

11. Merits Demerits Hels in harmony between legislature and executive No clear separation of powers It imposes curb restriction on government Responsibility is not fixed Opposition as a watch dog Does not take quick decision Opportunity to people Leads to cabinet dictatorship Alternative govt is available Not well educated leaders. Public opinion is considered Ruling party does at it pleases Frequent changes in government no uniformity Corruption 3. Parliamentary Form of Governments

12. 4. Presidential Form of Government: President is Supreme and there is no real or nominal executive. Features: President has full authority All government are separated. President is not member of legislatures Cabinet different from president Principle of doctrine of checks. Present power to reject bills Fixed period of election

13. Merits Demerits Stable Government President is sovereign Quick Decision and efficient Rigid and not changing Representative President is not part of legislature Good for Diverse Country President cannot initiate bills Continued Policy Legislature is not responsible Dignity and prestige of government Party system tends to get corrupt. Suitable for multi party system Dictatorial President not depend on any political party Not accountable 4. Presidential Form of Government

14. Thank You

15. Classical Classification of Government: No. of Persons Good Government Bad/Perverted Government 1 Monarchy Tyrannical 2 Aristocracy Oligarcy More than 2 Polity Democracy Ignores: federal, theocracy and dictatorship and not scientific in nature Modern Form of Government. Montesque : Republican Monarchial Despotic 2. Rousseau Monarchy Aristocracy Republic 3. Bluntschelli : Theocracy Ideocracy ( Perverted) 4. Machvalii : Monarch 5. Marriots : Unitary and Federal Flexible and Rigid Presidential and Parliamentry

16. 6. Stephen Lecock : Democratic Despotic Republic Limited Monarchy Federal Republic Parliameent Presidential Non Parliamentary Parliamentary

17. 7. Mc Iver : On Constitutional Basis: Oligarchy Democracy Monarchy Dictatorship Plural Headship Limited Monarchy Republic b. On Economic Basis Primitive Feudal Capitalist Socialist

18. c. On Communal Basis Tribal Polis Country Nation d. On Sovereignty Basis Unitary Federal Empire Colony Dependency

19. 8. C.F. Strong Jurisdiction Constitution Constituencies Legislature Parliamentary Democratic Dictatorship Unitary Federal Voting Multi Unicameral Bicameral member constituency