production technology of carnation-..ppt

production technology of carnation including varieties production technology, varieties, harvesting

1. CARNATION CULTIVATION

2. Carnation stands next to rose in world flower trade

It is available in different colours
Remains fresh for longer period in the vase
Best suited for export as the flowers are light in weight and have
got very good rehydration capacity
It is grown in greenhouse condition in recent years due to its
higher demand.
Introduction

3. Land preparation
Sandy loam soil with a pH of 6-7 is suitable for its cultivation

Add soil, sand, farm yard manure in 2:1:1 ratio and addition
of coir pith (2 kg/m
2
) will improve the drainage
Media should be sterilized by using 4 per cent formaldehyde (4 l/ m
2
)

After putting formaldehyde to media, completely cover with plastic
sheet for about 4-5 days
Then media is flushed with water to drain out the left over chemical.

4. Bed preparation
Raised bed of 75-80 cm width and 30-45 cm height are prepared
along the greenhouse length
Leave 50-60 cm path in between the two beds
Add 100 g calcium nitrate, 600g super phosphate, 50g potassium
chloride, 50 g magnesium sulphate per m
2
area and mix it thoroughly
in the soil.

5. Naturally ventilated poly houses

6. Dover
Cherry Solar Solar
Yellow Solar
Domingo
Standard / Sim

7. Spray type

8. Gharge(2009) evaluation 10 carnation varieties and among them
Yellow firato (254.6 flowers/m
2
) recorded maximum flower yield which
was on par with Firato(252.6 flowers/m
2
)
The study conducted on evaluation of carnation varieties under
naturally ventilated poly house by Mantur and Venkatesh (2006)
revealed that, among the five varieties evaluated, the flower yield
was more in Domingo (112.54flowers/m
2
) followed by Dover(75.23/m
2
)
Atanassova and Batchvarova(1995) observed maximum number of
flowers per plant in variety Nicki (6.2) followed by variety Yanita (6.0)
and minimum in variety Red Barbara

9. Poly house management
Keep ventilators open during
day time
Foggers operation

2-3 min every hour
2-3 min every half an hour
during summer
Day temperature - 20-25
0
C
Night temperature - 10-15
0
C
Providing 30-50 percent shading
net inside the greenhouse.
Humidity 50-60 percent
Fluctuation in day and night
temperature results in calyx
splitting and malformation
of flower.

10. The role of temperature on flower yield was analyzed using
monthly average flower yield and mean monthly maximum
temperature by Mantur and Venkatesh(2006)
It was observed that one to two months lead time maximum
temperature (maximum temperature of one to two months prior to
flower harvest) negatively influenced the productivity of carnation
flowers.
This indicates that the increased temperature effect
could be seen after one to two months on flower yield.

11. Planting
Spacing
15 x15 cm for Sim
15X20 or 20X20 cm for Spray
Density- 15-20 plants / m
2
Irrigation – 7-8 l/ m
2
/day
Planting should not be done too deep to avoid stem rotting as it is
highly susceptible to Fusarium wilt and Rhizoctonia root rot

12. Support Net:
1.7.5 x7.5 cm (planting Net)
2.12.5 x12.5 cm
3.15 x 15 cm
4.15 x 20 cm

13. Fertigation
N – 250 g, P2O5- 80 g, K2O- 200 g, Ca- 125 g, Mg- 400 g/m
2
/year
Split dose at weekly interval through ventury system
Stage Fertilizers (g/m
2
/week)
N P K Ca Mg
Planting to end of pinching 4.641.623.622.550.55
End of Pinching to until harvesting 4.691.505.582.72 0.51
During harvesting 4.881.507.033.09 0.50

14. Pinching
21-25 days after planting
Retaining 4-6 pairs of leaves

15. Single Pinching

16. Single and Half Pinching
Out of 4-6 laterals produced 2-3
pinched retaining 4 pairs of leaves
This is for staggered flowering

17. Double Pinching
All the laterals pinched
retaining 4 pairs of leaves
Flowering will be delayed
If temperature is more second
pinching is not preferred.

18. Khanna et al (1986) studied the effect of pinching in carnation var. Margurite and observed
that pinching treatments delayed the flowering in all the years of study and the delay was
aggravated with an increase in severity of pinching.
Pathania et al (2000) observed that employing various pinching methods in variety Lina of sim
carnation, double pinching delayed flowering (140.63 days).
The unpinched plants were early to flower (100.53 days).
Sawwan and Samawi (2000) reported that double pinch produced the higher total number
of flowering stems per square meter in spray carnation variety.
Ryagi et al, (2007) studied the effect of three different pinching methods and the higher number
of total flowers per m
2
was recorded in single pinching (74.82/ m
2
) and minimum was recorded
in single and half pinching (63.14 m
2
) which was on par with double pinching.
They also observed early flowering in single and delayed flowering in other methods
Ubekata (1999) reported that one and half pinching increased the number of flowers in three
carnation varieties.
Rameshkumar et al (2002) reported that pinching twice increase the number of flowers per
plant when planting was done in September and when planting was done in October there was
decreased number of flowers compared to single pinching.

19. General view of the crop
Disbudding

20. Harvesting – Cut the flowers at paint brush stage

Yield of carnation – 150-200 flowers per m
2

21. Grading: The grading is based on the degree of bud opening,
minimum flower diameter and stem length.
In the United States, the Society of American Florists has
recommended following grades for the standard carnations in U.S.A.
Grade Minimum flower
Diameter (mm)
Minimum stem
length (cm)
Blue (fancy) Tight 50 55
Fairly
tight
62
Open 75
Red (standard) Tight 44 43
Fairly
tight
56
Open 69
Green (short) Tight None 30
Fairly
tight
None

22. Grading & packing
Standard carnations are classified based on the stem length and
made into a bundle containing 20-25 stems, then it is wrapped with
soft corrugated sheet by putting a rubber band and such 20 bundled
are kept in corrugated box of size 122X50X30cm and sent to market.
Spray carnations are packed in a bundle containing 5 stems.
The flowers after packing are pre-cooled at 0
0
C temperature and can
be stored for 3 weeks at 3-4
0
C storage temperature.