Production Technology of Fruit crops.pdf

Production Technology of Fruit crops
Cultivation practices of fruits

1. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF FRUITS

Dr. K. Vanangamudi
Formerly Dean (Agriculture), AC & RI, Coimbatore
Dean, Adhiparasakthi Agricultural College, Kalavai
Professor & Head (Seed Science & Technology)
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore 641 003
Contact: 9894904745
Mail: [email protected]
Website: https://trinityculturalacademy.com/
YouTube: https://youtube.com/channel/UCWGv08j5jaZ-nkvz46HrBVw

Cultivation
practices
Mango Banana Acid lime Sweet orange
Season July to
December
Wet lands:
February-April,
April - May
Garden lands:
January-
February,
November -
December
Padugai lands:
January –
February,
August -
September
Hill banana:
April - May
(Lower Palani
hills).
June –August
(Sirumalai)
December –
February June -
September
July –
September
Seed rate/
Planting
material
Approach,
softwood or
epicotyl
grafting Plants
/ ha:
HDP: 400
plants/ha.
Double hedge
Sword suckers
of 1.5 to 2.0 kg
No. of
plants/ha :
Garden land:
3086 pl/ha,
4444 pl/ha
Wet land:
Seed/Seedlings Budded plants
(Root stock:
Rangpur lime is
best; now rough
lemon is
preferred)

2. row system:
266 plants/ha.
2267 pl/ha
Hills: 750 pl/ha
(When mixed
with coffee)
Spacing Dig pits of 1 x 1
x 1 m
Conventional:
7-10 m either
way
HDP: 5 x 5m
Double hedge
row system: 5 x
5 m within
double rows
and 10 m
between
successive
double rows
Pits size: 60 x
60 x 60 cm
Garden land:
1.8 x 1.8 m, 1.5
x 1.5m
Wet land: 2.1
x 2.1 m Hills:
3.6 x 3.6 m
HDP: 1.8 x 3.6
m (Cavendish),
2 x 3 m
(Nendran)
5 to 6 m spacing
in 75 x 75 x 75
cm pits
Pit size: 75 x 75
x 75 cm
Spacing: 7 x 7 m
Fertilizer 1
st
year: 0.20:0.
20:0.30 NPK
kg/tree
6
th
year
onwards:
1:1:1.5 NPK
kg/ha Apply
1.0:0.5:1.0 kg
of NPK /
bearing
tree/year under
HDP through
drip fertigation.
Garden land
(g/plant/yr):
Varieties other
than Nendran:
110:35:
330 NPK
Nendran:
150:90:
300 NPK
Wet land
(g/plant/yr):
210:50:390
NPK
Nendran,
Rasthali:
210:35:450
NPK
Poovan,
Robusta:
160:50:390
NPK
1
st
yr: 10 kg
FYM
200:100:100
NPK g/plant
Annual
increase:
5 kg FYM,
100:25:
40 NPK g/plant
From 6
th
year:
30 kg FYM,
600:
200:300 NPK
g/plant

1
st
year:
0.20:0.10:0.10
NPK kg/ tree/
year
Annual
increase:
0.10:0.02:0.04
NPK
kg/ tree/year
From 6
th
year:
0.6:0.2:0.3 NPK
kg/ tree/year

Yield 8-10 t/ha upto
15 years
15-20 t/ha from
15 to 20 years
Poovan and
Rasthali: 40-50
t/ha Monthan:
30-40 t/ha
Ney poovan:
30-35 t/ha
Robusta: 50-60
t/ha Grand
naine: 70-80
Harvest fruits at
3
rd
year after
planting 25
t/ha/year

25 - 30 t/ha

3. t/ha HDP: 115-
130 t/ha


Cultivation
practices
Mandarin orange Grapes Guava Pineapple
Season May–June
September– October
June - July June - December July -
September
Seed rate/
Planting
material
Seedlings and
budded plants
Rooted cuttings Layers Use suckers of
500 - 750 g and
slips of 300 -
450 g weight
Spacing Spacing: 6 x 6 m
Pit size: 75 x 75 x 75
cm
For muscat
variety: 3 x 2 m
For other
varieties: 4 x
3m Pit size:
For other
varieties: 1 x 1
x 1 m. For
muscat: Trench
of 0.6 m width,
0.6 m depth at a
distance of 3m
5-6 m either
way Pit size: 45
x 45 x 45 cm
6 x 6 m
accommodates
278 trees/ha
Grafting of
Allahabad
Safeda on Pusa
Srijan
(Dwarfing
rootstock
developed by
IARI) rootstocks
gave a dwarfing
facilitating
closure planting.
3 x 3 m
accommodates
1,111 plants/ha.
Spacing
between two
trenches will be
90 cm.
60 x 30 cm
Fertilizer Kg/plant/yr: 1
st

year: 0.1:0.04: 0.05
NPK 2
nd
year:
0.2:0.08: 0.1 NPK
3
rd
year: 0.3:0.12:0.2
NPK
4
th
year: 0.4:0.16:0.3
NPK
5
th
year: 0.5:0.16:0.3
NPK
6
th
year: 0.6:0.2:0.4
NPK
1
st
year
(kg/vine):
FYM: 50
kg/vine Green
leaves: 50kg/
vine NPK:
1. Muscat:
0.10:0.08:0.30
kg
2. Thompson
seedless:
0.20:0.08:0.40
kg
3. Others:
0.20:0.08: 0.40
kg
FYM: 50 kg/tree
NPK: 1:1:1kg/
tree in two split
dose
FYM: 40-50 t/ha
NPK (g/plant) –
16:4:12 (Two
equal split at 6
th

and 12
th
month
after planting)

4. 2
nd
year
(kg/vine):
NPK:
1. Muscat:
0.20:0.16:0.40
kg
2. Thompson
seedless:
0.30:0.16: 0.80
kg
3. Others:
0.40:0.16:
0.80 kg
3
rd
year
(kg/vine):
NPK:
1. Muscat:
0.20:0.16:0.60
kg
2. Thompson
seedless:
0.40:0.24: 1.20
kg 3. Others:
0.60: 0.24: 1.20
kg
Yield Harvest fruits at 3 –
5 years after
planting. In case of
seedlings, it takes
about 5-7 years. 15 –
20 t/ha/yr
Seedless: 15
t/ha/yr Muscat:
30 t/ha/yr
Pachadraksha:
40 t/ha/yr
Anab-e-shahi
and Arka
hybrids: 32
t/ha/yr
Layers come to
bearing in 2 - 3
years 25 t/ha
18 to 24 months
after planting
50 t/ha


Cultivation
practices
Sapota Papaya Pomegranate Jackfruit
Season June - December June -
September
June - December June -
December
Seed rate/
Planting
material
Planting material:
Grafted on
Manilkhara
hexandra (Pala)
rootstock.
Conventional:
Seed rate: 500
g Seedlings
aged 45-60
days are
transplanting

Hard wood
cuttings or
layers of 12 to
18 months old
or rooted
cuttings or
layers
Approach and
softwood
grafting or cleft
grafting

5. 156 plants/ha
HDP: 312 plants/ha
Spacing Conventional: 8 x 8
m HDP: 8 x 4 m
Pit size: 1 x 1 x 1 m
Spacing: 1.8m
either way Pit
size: 45 x 45 x
45 cm
Spacing: 2.5 to 3
m either way Pit
size: 60 x 60 x
60 cm
Pit size: 1 x 1 x
1 m
Spacing: 8 x 8 m
Fertilizer 1
st
yr (kg/tree):
FYM: 10 kg/tree
Annual increase:
FYM: 10 kg
0.2:0.2:0.3 NPK
6
th
year onwards:
FYM: 50 kg
1.0:1.0:1.5 NPK
FYM: 10 kg/
plant as basal,
super phosphate
300g/plant at bi-
monthly
intervals from
3
rd
month
of planting
1
st
year
(kg/plant): 10
FYM,
0.20:0.10:0.40
NPK 2
nd
to 5
th

year 20 FYM
0.40:0.25:0.80
NPK
6
th
yr onwards
(kg/plant):
30 FYM
0.60:0.50:1.2
NPK

1
st
year
(kg/tree): 10
FYM
0.15:0.08:0.10
NPK Annual
increase (kg): 10
FYM 6
th
yr and
above (kg): 50
FYM
0.75:0.40:0.50
NPK Apply in 2
splits during
May-June and
September-
October
Yield 20 - 25 t/ha/yr CO 2: 200 -
250 t/ha CO 3:
100 - 120 t/ha
CO 5: 200 -
250 t/ha CO 6:
120 - 160 t/ha
CO 7: 200 -
225 t/ha
CO 8: 220 -
230 t/ha
Papain yield:
CO 2: 600
kg/ha
CO 5: 800
kg/ha
20-25 t/ha 30-40 t/ha



Cultivation
practices
Ber Amla (Aonla)
Indian
gooseberry
Jamun Custard apple
Season July - August July – August February–March
and July-August
June – August
Seed rate/
Planting
material
Budded plants:
Patch, shield and
ring budding
Seedlings,
graft, buddings
Apomictic
seedlings Forket
budding Patch
and shield
Commonly by
seeds. Fresh
seeds germinate
in 20-30 days.

6. budding
Softwood
grafting
Inarching
Vegetative
propagation by
budding or
inarching on
swoon seedlings
and A. reticulate
ensures genetic
uniformity.
Spacing Pit size: 60 x 60 x 60
cm
Spacing: 7 x 7 m
For kaithali: 8 x 3 m
For banarasi: 8 x 4
m
Pit size: 1 x 1 x
1 m or
1.25 x 1.25 x
1.25 m
Spacing: 6 x 6
m
Pits of 1 x 1 x 1
m size are dug at
distance of 8-10
m.
5 x 5m
Fertilizer 1
st
year (kg/plant/
year): 20 FYM
0.20:0.10:0.20 NPK
2
nd
year (kg/ plant/
year):50 FYM
0.50:0.20:0.50 NPK
FYM: 10 kg/
plant/yr NPK
(kg/plant/yr):
0.20:0.50:0.20
100:100:100 g
NPK/tree
FYM: 10 kg/tree
250:125:250g
NPK/tree
Yield 70-80 kg of fruits/
tree/year
100 kg/tree Starts bearing
after 8 to 10
years of planting
Grafted ones
bear after 6 to 7
years.
Fruit ripens in
June -July.
Seedling tree:
80 to 100 kg/
year
Grafted tree:
60 to 70 kg/ year
80-100 fruits/
tree after 4 to 5
years.

Cultivation
practices
Fig West Indian
cherry
Litchi Avocado
Season South India:
August-September
Western India:
June – July North
India: January –
February
July to
December
August-
September
February-
March
Seed rate/
Planting
material
Rooting of hard
wood cuttings of 3
year old wood with
30-40 cm length and
1.5 cm diameter
Seeds and hard
wood cutting,
air layering,
budding
Semi hard and
hard wood
cuttings of15-
20cm length
treated with
10000 ppm of
Seeds
Vegetatively by
cutting, cleft,
whip and
tongue, and
whip grafting.

7. IBA.
Air layering
Spacing 5 x 5 m 1m
3
pits at a
spacing of 7 x
7m for general
cultivation and
at 3 x 3m for
hedge purpose.
Pits of 1 x 1 x
1m size at 10 x
10 m distance
Planting
distance is 6-12
m
Fertilizer 2
nd
year
(g/tree/year): 25 kg
FYM 120:80:80
NPK 5
th
year
(g/tree/year): 50 kg
FYM 300: 200:200
NPK
40-50kg
compost/
plant/year in 2
splits.
6 years &
above:
600:200:250 g
NPK/tree
40:25:60 kg/ha
Yield 180 to 360 fruits/tree 2 kg/plant 40 to 100
kg/tree/year
100-500
fruits/tree

Cultivation
practices
Loquat Karonda Carambola Passion fruit
Season February-March and
August- September
June – July May –
August
June – August
Seed rate/
Planting
material
Seeds, air layering,
budding
Seed
propagation,
cutting,
layering and
budding
By seeds,
grafting,
budding &
layering. M-
18960 as
stock is best
for
calcareous
soils.
Cuttings and
grafting on resistant
stocks P. incarnata,
P. coerulea: Cold
and disease tolerant
stocks
Spacing Planting distance is
6 - 7 m 256 to 196
plants/ha.
3 x 3 m 1 m cube
pits. Spacing
7-9 x 5-7m
or high
density
planting with
7 x 3m or 4.2
x 3.6m
2 x 3m
Fertilizer 800:600:500 kg
NPK/ha
200:75: 125 g
NPK/tree
100:50:100 g
NPK/plant
Purple varieties:
100:50:100 NPK
g/vine/year
Hybrids:
110:60:100 NPK
g/vine/year
Yield 15 to 20 kg/tree Starts yielding
after 3
rd
year.
4-5 kg
20-50kg/tree
in early
stages
12-20 t/ha/year

8. fruits/tree
Promising lines
planted as
orchard may
yield 10-15 kg/
tree.
Grown up
tree: 400-500
kg/ tree.

Cultivation
practices
Persimmon Apple Pear Plum
Season April to August Mid season:
June - July
Early: April -
May Late:
August –
September
North India:
January to
February Tamil
Nadu: June to
December
June -
December
Mid season:
June-July
Late: July-August
Seed rate/
Planting
material
Inarching on its own
rootstock
Whip and
shield budding.
Tongue and
cleft grafting at
10-15 cm above
collar. One year
old grafts on
M.778 &
M.779
rootstocks For
high density,
use dwarfing
rootstocks (M9,
M4, M7 and
M106)
Plant one
year old
grafts/rooted
cuttings
Whip,
tongue and T
budding.
Pyrus
communis
and Cydonia
oblonga are
used as
rootstocks.
Rootstocks
used are
Kainth.
T budding, Tongue
grafting, semi hard
wood and hard
wood cutting.
One year old
budded plants
Spacing 5 x 5 m Pit size: 60 x 60
x 60 cm
Spacing: 4 x 4
m
Pit size: 60 x
60 x 60 cm
Spacing: 5 x
5 m or
6 x 6 m
4 x 4 m
Pit size: 60 x 60 x
60 cm
Fertilizer 500:500:500 g
NPK/tree
FYM: 25
kg/tree NPK:
500g:1kg:1
kg/tree
FYM: 25 kg/
tree/year
0.5:1:1kg
NPK/
tree/year
FYM: 30 kg,
0.5:1:1kg NPK/
tree/year
Yield Harvesting starts 5
th

year onwards
150 – 200
Starts bearing
from 4
th
year of
planting.
Common
pear: 100
to 120
25-30 kg/tree/year
Japanese plum: 6-

9. kg/tree/year 10 – 20 kg/
tree/year.
kg/tree/year.
Kieffer and
new pear:
70 to 80
kg/tree/year.
William and
jargonelle:
30 to 40
kg/tree/year.
30-40 t/ha
7 t/tree/ year
European plum :
12-15 t/tree/ year

Cultivation
practices
Peach Mangosteen Durian
Season Early season: April
- May Mid season
June - July Late
season: July -
August
Planting season:
June - December
August to
October
Summer:
May to
August
Fall: Late
December to
March
Seed rate/
Planting
material
One year old budded
plants
T budded seedlings
For raising rootstock
Sharbati and
Khurmani are used.
Peach, plum,
almond, wild apricot
root- stocks -GE
656,
GE 677 peach
rootstocks.
Seeds
Air layering,
grafting or
budding
Patch
budding on
seedling
rootstock
Spacing 4 x 4 m
Pit size: 60 x 60 x
60 cm
10 x 10 m 10-12 m
Fertilizer FYM: 30 kg
0.5:1:1kg NPK/
tree/year
FYM: 75 kg, 1:
0.8:3 kg NPK
/tree
3
rd
year:
20:5:10 kg
NPK/ha
7
th
year:
40:10:20 kg
NPK/ha
Yield 10 – 15 kg of fruits
can be harvested in
one year.
7-10 t/ha in
conventional
orchards.
Starts bearing
in 7 years. 20
years old tree
will yield 23-25
kg.
100 fruits/
year

10. Cultivation
practices
Rambutan Apricot Kiwi or
Chinese
gooseberry
Season June to November December to
February
January
Seed rate/
Planting
material
Patch or forkert
budding on 1-2 year
old seeding
rootstock
Air layering
Budding &
grafting Seed
propagation
Cuttings &
grafting
Spacing 10 x 7 m 6 x 6 m.
Pits of 1 x 1 x 1
m
T-bar: 4 x 5-
6 m
Pergola
system: 6 x
5-6 m
Fertilizer Beyond 6 years:
600:200:250 kg
NPK/ha
100 to
200:80:100
kg NPK/ha
After 5
years:
850 to
900:500 to
600:800 to
900 g
NPK/vine
Yield 25-35 kg/tree/year. Starts fruiting
at 5 years up to
30-35 years.
50-80 kg / tree
After 5
years:
850 to
900:500 to
600:800 to
900 g
NPK/vine