Production technology of important temperate fruit crops VIDHYA DOCTORAL SEMINAR.pptx

Cultivation of Temperate Fruit Crops

1. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.)

2. DOCTORAL SEMINAR- I ON Cultivation of Temperate Fruits COURSE NO.– FSC - 691 CREDIT HOURS- 1(0+1) Seminar Incharge Sh. R. K. Dewangan Scientist and Section Head, Department of Fruit Science, Krantikari Debridhur College of Horticulture and Research Station, Jagdalpur Presented by Vidhya Sagar Mali Ph.D. First Year Dept. of Fruit Science Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.)

3. Contents Introduction Classification of temperate fruits Why it is needed Growing practices for production technology of various temperate fruit crops Constraints and Future thrusts Case study References Conclusion Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.)

4. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Introduction What are temperate fruits crops Temperate fruit plants are specific in the climatic requirement. They can tolerate both diurnal and seasonal wide fluctuation of temperature and are grown only in place where winter is distinctly cold. They require exposure of specific chilling temperature for certain period to break bud dormancy and initiate bud break. These fruit plants are generally deciduous and suitable of higher elevation as they can withstand frost. Examples are: apple, pear, plum, apricot, almond, peach, strawberry, walnut, pecan nut and cherry. 1

5. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Classification on the basis of plant stature: a. Temperate tree fruits: Fruits borne on the trees growing in the temperate climates such as apple, pear, stone fruits etc. b. Temperate small fruits: Fruits generally borne on the vines, brambles or herbaceous plants grown under temperate climate like strawberry, craneberry , blackberry, blueberry etc. c. Temperate nuts: Nuts are characterized by the hard shell outside, separating the kernel and husk of the fruit. Pecan nut, hazel nut and walnut are good examples of temperate fruit plants producing nuts. 2

6. Classification on the basis of fruit morphology: Simple fruits: Simple fruits are derived from a single ovary of one flower. Simple fruits are further classified as fleshy and dry fruits. 1. Fleshy fruits: These are the fruits whose pericarp (ovary wall) becomes fleshy or succulent at maturity. The temperate fleshy fruits may be either pome or drupe. a. Pome: The pome is an inferior, two or more celled fleshy, syncarpous fruit surrounded by the thalamus. The fruit is referred as false fruit as the edible fleshy part is not derived from the ovarian tissues but from external ovarian tissue thalamus. Examples of temperate pome fruits are apple, pear and quince ). b. Drupe: This type of fruit is derived from a single Carpel. in botany, simple fleshy fruit that usually contains a single seed. Examples- cherry, peach, plum, apricot, almond. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 3

7. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Fleshy fruit : Pome Fleshy fruit : Drupes 4

8. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 2. Dry fruits: This type of fruit has been classified on the basis of pericarp (ovary wall) at maturity. The entire pericarp becomes dry and often brittle or hard at maturity. a. Nut: - A fruit in which carpel wall is hard or bony in texture. - Fruit is derived from an hypogynous. - It is only one seeded, but in most cases in derived from two carpels . Examples are walnut, almond, chestnut, hazelnut and pecan nut . b. Achene: - A one seeded fruit in which the seed is attached to ovary wall at one point. Example is strawberry . 5

9. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 6

10. Why Temperate fruits: Produces higher biomass than field crops per unit area resulting in efficient utilization of natural resources. Highly remunerative for replacing subsistence farming and thus eliminate poverty level. Have potential for development of wastelands through planned strategies. Need comparatively less water than field crops. Provide higher employment opportunity. Important for nutritional security . Environment-friendly . High value crops with high potential of value-addition. Have high potential for foreign exchange earnings. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 7

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12. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Source- FAO, 2020 9

13. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 10

14. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 11

15. Production technology of Apple 12

16. Apple - Malus domestica Family - ( Rosaceae ) Chromosome no.- (2n=2x=34) Origin- South-Western Asia, Soviet Central Asia and Hindu-Kush Himalayan region. In India, apple was introduced by Captain Lee in 1865 in Kullu Valley of Himachal Pradesh. Later on , red coloured Delicious group varieties were introduced at Kotgarh in Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh in 1917 by American missionary Mr Satya Nand Stokes. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Crop State leading in area State leading in production Apple J&K>HP>UK> Ar.P > Nagaland J&K>HP>UK> Ar.p > Nagaland State leading in area and production Source : National Horticulture Board 13

17. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Source- FAO, 2020 14

18. S. no. State wise 2019- 2020 2020-21 Area/000 ha. Production/000 MT Area /000 ha. Production/000 MT 1. Arunachal Pradesh 4.55 7.16 4.66 7.35 2. Himachal Pradesh 111.90 468.13 112.63 446.57 3. Jammu & Kashmir 162.97 1725.75 158.15 1808.33 4. Nagaland 0.27 2.00 0.27 1.99 5. Sikkim 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 6. Uttarakhand 25.20 62.06 25.32 58.66 Total 304.89 2265.25 301.04 2326.90 Area and production : Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Source : Horticulture Statistic Division 15

19. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Almost all varieties have a chilling requirement of 1000 hours at or below 7.2℃ The available cultivars are classified in different ways . 1 . Based on bearing season a) Early season bearing b) Mid season bearing c) Late season bearing 2. Based on usage a) Desert apple cultivars b) Culinary apple cultivars 3. Based on colour a) Green apples b) Red apples c) Apples of core types 16

20. Important commercial cultivars 1) Red Delicious : This is the mostly widely slanted cultivars of world. It was evolved as a chance seedling in JAWA USA (1921) . It was introduce to India by satyanagara stocked and is very popular. 2) Golden Delicious: Strain of red delicious and is commercial cultivars of America and Europe. Fruits are medium to large, oblong, peel golden yellow with russeting prominent small dots scattered all over. Flesh firm, crisp, sweet with a blend of acidity the cultivar is a good pollinizer for all the delicious group. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Red Delicious Golden Delicious 17

21. 3] Ambri : Only indigenous variety grown commercially in Kashmir. It originated as a chance seedling in Kashmir it is late season variety with long keeping quality. 4] Jonathan: Trees are medium sized, moderate vigour , fruit are round to conical, medium to small and reddish in color with good quality fruits are susceptible to Jonathan spots. Ambri Jonathan Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 18 Photo Source- https://gardenerspath.com

22. Mc- Intosh : leading variety of Canada. Jona Gold (triploid): Golden Delicious x Jonathan. Ben-Davis (Kali Devi): Grown in Kullu Valley(H.P.) Baldwin. Chaubatia Anupam : This is a selection from the hybrid seedlings of early Shad-Berry x Red Delicious raised at Chaubatia . Fruits medium sized, skin thin smooth, shining flesh is firm, crisp, creamy white juicy sweet with distinctive aroma. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 19 Mc- Intosh Ben-Davis Photo Source- https://gardenerspath.com

23. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Spur types and colour sports Red Chief, Oregon Spur-II, Silver Spur, Well Spur, Red Spur , Super Chief , Starkrimson , Hardi Spur., Schelet Spur, Ace Spur Standard colour mutants Vance Delicious , Top Red, Skyline Supreme, Hardiman , Bright-N-Early. Standard varieties Starking Delicious, Red Delicious, Richa R ed Low chilling varieties Michal, Schlomit , Anna, Vered , Tamma , Tropical Beauty and Perlins Beauty. Pollinizing varieties Golden Delicious, Red Gold , Tydeman’s Early Worcester, Summer Queen, Golden Spur, Granny Smith, Winter Banana, Mclntosh , Scarlet Gala Scab resistant varieties Prima, Priscilla, Sir Prize, Florina , Flrdous , Shireen , Macfree , Coop-12, Coop-13 , Liberty and Freedom . Hybrid Varieties Lal Ambri (Red Delicious x Ambri ) Sunheri ( Ambri x Golden Delicious) Ambrich ( Richared x Ambri ) 20

24. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Red Chief Orange Spur Richa Red Vance Velicious Top Red Starking Delicious 21 Photo Source- https://gardenerspath.com

25. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 22 Granny Smith Red Ambri Micheal Winter Banana

26. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 23 Photo Source -https://www.britannica.com 2010

27. Rootstocks Seedling Rootstocks  Seedling rootstocks are vigorous and not uniform in size.  Seeds of crab apple ( Malus baccata ) or self pollinizing varieties like Golden Delicious and Granny Smith are used for raising seedling rootstocks. Clonal rootstocks Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) PROMISING CLONAL ROOTSTOCKS OF APPLE:- M27 - Most dwarfing rootstock-Suitable for HDP. M9 - Precocious and suitable for HDP and dwarfing. M26 - Adopted to all kinds of soil. MM106 - Precocious susceptible to collar rot. MM111 - Vigorous stock-Drought tolerant. MM104 - Winter hardy. M11 - More vigorous. M2 - Produce semi standard tree. NOTE:- M- Malling MM- Malling merton 24 Source- https://hds.hp.gov.in

28. OTHER IMPORTANT ROOTSTOCKS :- Northern spy - resistant to wooly aphid . Robusta No. 5 – resistant to fire blight and hardy. P22 – Dwarfing, Resistant to Crown rot. Bemali - Dwarfing , Resistant to wooly Aphids, easy propagation. Jork - 9 – Hardy. Mac-9 – Dwarfing. Novole – Vigorous stock , resistant to Crown rot, Fire blight and tomato ring spot virus. Ottowa - 3 – Productive tree. INTERSTOCK Dwarfing interstocks are used to avoid the undesirable root system of a dwarfing rootstock. The semi dwarfing rootstock and interstock have shown some interesting relationship between stock and scion. Eg :- M. sikkimensis , M. baccata – locally known as Soh - sheur . Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 25 Source- https://hds.hp.gov.in

29. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 26 Photo Source- https://hort201.tamu.edu Trench layering Mound layering

30. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Propagation The commercial method of propagation of apple scion varieties is grafting and chip budding . Tongue and cleft grafting at 10-15 cm above the collar gives the best results. Apples are mostly propagated by shield budding , which gives a high percentage of success. Time of Propagation The best time of grafting of apple is February to March with tongue and cleft methods. Chip budding can also be done in March and July . Planting time and system The best time of planting of apple is January - February . In flat land square or hexagonal system of layout is adopted, whereas in sloppy land contour and terrace system of layout is done. Training For dwarf plantations like spindle bush , dwarf pyramid and cylinder spindle etc. Modified central leader system is most suitable for standard plantation. Pruning The best time of pruning is during dormant season (December to January). 27

31. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Chip budding Tongue grafting Cleft grafting 28 https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/grafting-and-budding-nursery-crop-plants

32. Hexagonal Quincunx contour Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 29 http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in

33. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 30 http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in

34. Special type of training system Dwarf bush, cordon, Dwarf pyramid, pillar, espalier, fan, spindle bush, pillar system. Dwarf bush Espalier Cordon Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 31 http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in

35. Spacing and planting density for different scion stock combinations Fruit crop Scion/ variety Rootstock Tree size Spacing (m) Density Apple Standard Seedling Vigorous 7.5 x 7.5 178 Standard MM111, Merton 793 Semi-vigorous 6.0 x 6.0 278 Standard MM106, M7 Semi dwarf 4.5 x 4.5 494 Standard M9 , M26 Dwarf 1.5 x 1.5 4444 Spur Seedling, Semi-vigorous 5.0 x 5.0 400 Spur MM111, Merton 793 Semi dwarf 3.5 x 3.5 816 Spur MM106, M7 Dwarf 3.0 x 3.0 1111 Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 32

36. Maturity index The maturity indices like days from full bloom to harvest. change of ground colour of fruit from green to yellow to pale. TSS of fruit pulp change of seed colour to light brown and fruit firmness are used singly or in combination. Harvesting Fruits of apple are grasped between index finger, middle finger and thumb and quick twist of wrist will easily pluck the fruit along with pedicel. Picked fruits are placed softly in the picking bag or basket and transported to packing houses for grading and packing. Yield Depending upon the variety 10-20 kg/tree/year (200-300 apple/tree). Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 33

37. Harvested by Apple vaccume harvester Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 34 https://www.goodfruit.com

38. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Fertilizer dose (1 year old tree ) 70:35:70g N:P:K for one year old tree Orchard management Mulching and sod culture Insects San Jose Scale ( Quadraspidiotus perniciosus ) : -The nymph and adults suck sap from aerial parts. -It is polyphagus pests which feeds on apple plants. Apple woolly aphid ( Eriosoma lanigerum ) : - It feeds on apple and lives in colonies on the aerial parts and roots of plant. -On the aerial parts, it is seen as white woolly mass. -Damage is caused by sucking of sap from stem, twigs and roots resulting in gall formation, plant remain stunted. Disease Apple scab ( Venturia inaequalis ) - Light brown spots which soon turn musty black appear on both sides of the young leaves in spring. -Young lesions are velvety brown to olive green becoming more distant with age, leading to curling of leaves. -On the fruits, small lesions develop and slowly increase leading to mis-shapening and cracking of fruits . 35

39. High density plantation Spacing Density Training system Rootstock 2.5 m x 2.5 m 1600/ha Central leader, Open centre, Spindle bush MM 106, MM 111 3.0 m x 1.5 m 2222/ha Espalier, Head & Spread M-9 3.0 m x 1.0 m 3333/ha Cordon, Tall spindle M-9 3.0 m x 0.5 m 6666/ha Single axis M-9 Meadow >10000 Bush M-27 Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 36 http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in

40. Production technology of Pear 37

41. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Pear - Pyrus Communis Family - ( Rosaceae ) Chromosome no.- (2n=2x=34) Origin- Central Asia Both European and Asian pears were domesticated by hybridization and selection from local wild species in prehistoric times. However, in recent years some compact orchards of pear have been established in Kullu and Shimla districts of Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir valley. In the world the area under pear is 1580876 ha and production is 22460529 MT. HP has the grown in more than 9 states and area is 38160 ha, production is 317244 MT. 38

42. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Source- FAO, 2020 39

43. Important species Common name Scientific name Derived from/uses Common pear / French pear/ English pear/ European pear Pyrus communis Commonly grown in the world Japanese sand pear/ Oriental pear/ Asian pear Pyrus pyrifolia Grown in japan and china Wild pear / Kainth / Mahal Pyrus pashia Common rootstock in the Northern India Snow pear (Perry pear) Pyrus nivalis Suitable for perry preparation Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 40

44. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Introduction from Europe Bartlett, Anjou, Kieffer Low chilling varieties Kieffer , Le- conte , patharnakh , Gola , Punjab nectar High chilling varieties Anjou, Bartlett, Conference, Flemish beauty Soft fleshed selection Red blush, Punjab gold, Punjab Nectar Most popular varieties in North India Nash, patharnakh Most popular varieties in temperate region Bartlett Most popular varieties in Tamil Nadu Kieffer ( Kodaikanal hills) Variety free from grit cells Flemish beauty ( Pollinizer variety) Spontaneous mutation (Bud sports) Starkrimson , Clapp’s Favourite Red colour and flavoured variety Starkrimson Delicious 41 Varieties

45. IMPORTANT VARIETIES Variety Characters Baggugosha Important variety of Kashmir valley , it can also be grown successfully in sub mountain tracts. Kieffer French pear X oriental pear , tree is well adapted to different geographical, climatic and soil conditions, fruit brownish and gritty. LeConte Can be grown at low and mid hills because its chilling requirement is low, heavy bearing, fruit flesh is white, juicy,acidic sweet. Gola Prolific bearing cultivar, popular at lower altitude, roundish fruits, excellent keeping quality. Patharnakh Low chilling cultivar, plant can withstand high temperature, hot winds, water logging and drought conditions, heavy yielder, medium sized round fruits with prominent dots. Most of pear cultivars requires chilling 1200 hrs below 7℃ Chilling requirement of European pear 1200-1500 hrs below 7℃ Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 42

46. EUROPEAN PEAR CULTIVARS Variety Characters Anjou Most important winter pear of French origin , regular bearer, resistant to cold and fire blight , excellent keeping quality. Bosc Vigorous , precocious, productive and cold hardy cultivar, fruit is medium – large, oblong ovate, pyriform with yellow skin which is almost covered with a brown russet. Bartlett It is described as the standard of excellence which is used in describing other pear cultivars. Fruit is medium- large, ovate - pyriform , turning brown yellow on ripening Max red Bartlett It is a bud mutant of Bartlett, it resemble the parent except that fruit skin colour is dark cranberry red. Comice Known as Europe’ s queen of dessert pears , late cultivar, large fruit , greenish to lemon yellow with a flesh of outstanding flavor and texture Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 43

47. Max red Bartlett Starkrimson Conference Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 44 Photo Source- https://gardenerspath.com

48. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 45 Photo Source- https://gardenerspath.com

49. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Rootstocks Seedling Rootstocks Seedling rootstocks are seedlings of Kainth ( P. pashia ) and Shiara ( P. serotina ). Clonal rootstocks Some clonal rootstocks like OH X F-230 (semi-dwarf), Oregon 211 (dwarfing), Oregon260 have been recently released and found promising. For raising seedling rootstocks , seeds are extracted from fully mature fruits of Kainth and Shiara . Clonal rootstocks are multiplied through mound or trench layering . Vigorous Quince A Intermediate Quince B Dwarf Quince 46 Source- https://hds.hp.gov.in

50. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Propagation The seedling and clonal rootstocks are grafted with tongue or cleft method of grafting. The clonal rootstock Quince is not compatible with most of varieties, particularly with Bartlett group, therefore Beurre Hardy and Old Home are used as interstock . T-budding also gives good bud-take success. Time of Propagation The best time of grafting of pear is February to March with tongue and cleft methods. T-budding can also be done in April-May. Planting time and system Planting is done during December- January. Generally square and rectangular system of planting is followed in flat land, while terrace and contour system in sloppy lands. Planting distance Plants are planted at a distance of 8 x 4m is ideal. Training Pear are usually trained according to modified Central leader system. Pruning The best time of pruning is during dormant season (December to January). 47

51. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 48 Interstem or Interstock Tongue grafting https://propg.ifas.ufl.edu

52. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 49 http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in

53. Maturity index Number of days from full bloom to maturity is fairly consistent in a region but vary between regions. Besides this, change in surface colour from green to yellow is also taken as a maturity index for harvesting. Harvesting Fully mature fruits are harvested for fresh consumption, while firm and green fruits for canning and distant markets. The ease with which the stem can be separated from the spur by an upward twist is used as an index of maturity. Yield Depending upon the variety 100-120 kg/tree/year. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 50

54. Fertilizer dose (1 year old tree ) 70:35:70g N:P:K for one year old tree Orchard management Clean basin management,inter-cropping,mulching,sod culture Insects Pear scylla ( Cocopsylla spp.) is a major pest. Pear psylla is one of the most serious insect of pears because of its ability to develop  resistence to insecticides and to vector the pathogen that causes pear decline. Disease Fire blight of pear (most serious disease of pear) caused by a bacteria ( Erwinia amylovora ). The fire blight pathogen can invade all parts of the pear tree. Shoots, flowers, and fruits wilt, blacken, and die. Pear decline (caused by phytoplasma ) which is transmitted by the pear scylla . Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 51

55. Production technology of plum 52

56. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Plum- Prunus domestica Prunus salicina Family - ( Rosaceae ) Chromosome no.- (2n=2x=16) Origin- China Plum is an important temperate fruit, which is used as fresh as well as in preserved form. In India, plum was introduced by Alexander Coutts in 1870 in Himachal Pradesh. After evaluation, only Japanese plum has been recommended for commercial cultivation in mid hills of the temperate region of north-western Himalayas. Low chill varieties are also grown in Punjab, Haryana and Eastern U.P. The area under plum in our country is 14000 ha. and annual production is 57143 MT (FAO,2010-11). 53

57. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Source- FAO, 2020 54

58. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Important species Common name Scientific name Derived from/uses European plum Prunus domestica Europe Cherry plum Prunus cerasifera Western Asia and central Asia Japanese plum Prunus salicina China American plum Prunus americana North America Inter-specific hybridization Inter-specific hybrids Parents Plumcot Plum x Apricot Plout Plum x Apricot x Plum Aprimus Apricot x Plum x Apricot Santa Rosa P. Salicina x P. simoni or P. americana 55

59. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Varieties Special features Varieties Introduction Santa rosa , Sutlej purple European plum varieties President, Victoria , Green gag Japanese plum varieties Beauty, Santa rosa , Mariposa Subtropical varieties Sutlej purple , Kala amritsari Pollinizer /self fruitful varieties Beauty, Santa Rosa, Mariposa self unfruitful varieties Kelsey, Eldorado, Wickson , Farmosa Popular varieties Frontier , Santa rosa Chilling requirement of Japanese plum 700-1000 hrs below Chilling requirement of European plum 1000-1200 hrs below 56

60. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Frontier Santa rosa 57 Photo Source- https://gardenerspath.com

61. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 58 Photo Source- https://gardenerspath.com

62. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Rootstocks Seedling rootstocks: The plum grown mostly on rootstocks seedling of peach, apricot and almond can be used. In India plum is propagated mainly on seedlings of wild apricot ( Chuli ) Characteristics Clonal rootstocks Dwarfing rootstocks St. Julien K, St. Julien , GF 655.2, Pixy, Prune GF 43 Medium vigour rootstocks Isthars , Fereley , St Julien GF 655/1, Brampton etc. Vigorous rootstocks Myrobalan B, St Julien C, GF 1246 Salt hardy rootstocks St Julien A, Mariana 2624, Mariana GF 8/1 Drought tolerant rootstock Myrobalan 27 Disease Resistant Rootstocks Resistant to crown gall Mariana GF 8/1, Mariana 2624, Myrobalan GF 31, Myrobalan 29C Resistant to Canker Myrobalan B , Pixy Nematode resistant rootstocks Mariana GF 8/1 , Mariana 2624 59

63. Bitter almond Wild apricot Behmi ( Prunus mira ) Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 60 Photo Source- https://gardenerspath.com

64. Propagation Commercially used and ideal method of propagation of plum is Tongue grafting. Chip budding also gives good success with smooth scion stock union. T-budding is also recommended but the plant growth is poor. It takes 2 year to attain standard sized plants. These can also be propagated by hard wood cutting and by leafy soft wood cuttings under intermittent misting. Time of Propagation Tongue grafting- February Chip budding – mid February Planting time and system Planting of plum is done December -January when the plant is in dormant conditions. layout of an orchard should be done with contour or terrace system, while in flat land square system is followed. Planting distance Plums are generally planted at a distance of 6 m x 6 m. Training Modified central leader system is most commonly followed in India. Open centre system- Oldest training system Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 61

65. Tongue grafting in plum Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 62 https://propg.ifas.ufl.edu

66. Pruning The best time of pruning is during dormant season (December to January). Maturity index Most commonly used are flesh firmness 5.9 ± 0.45 kg. Days from full bloom (94±3). TSS 13.5-14.5 and TSS acidity ratio 1.2: 1.5. Harvesting It has been observed that plum usually ripen unevenly over the tree. Fruits, therefore, are harvested in two or three pickings and it is very important to find out the exact stage of picking when they are mature. Immediately after plucking the fruits should be kept under the shade of the tree to remove field heat. Yield Depending upon the variety 40 kg/tree/year. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 63

67. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Unpruned tree Pruning of tree 64 https://agriculturalmagazine.com

68. Fertilizer dose (1 year old tree ) 70:35:70g N:P:K for one year old tree Orchard management Clean basin management,inter-cropping,mulching,sod culture Insects P lum thistle aphid ( Brachycaudus helichrysi ) Disease Plum pox virus -Transmitted by the aphids and by the transfer of infected plant material to new locations. -This virus has no danger to consumers, but it can ruin the marketability of stone fruit by causing acidity and deformities. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 65

69. Production technology of peach 66

70. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Peach- Prunus persica Family - ( Rosaceae ) Chromosome no.- (2n=2x=16) Origin- China Peach along with its smooth-skin mutant, the nectarine, is a temperate juicy fruit of excellent appearance and quality. Peaches were introduced by Mr. Alexander Coutts in Himachal Pradesh in 1870. Later on, its cultivation was initiated in mid hills of Himachal Pradesh on the advice of an American Horticulturist Prof. R W Hodgson. Some low chilling varieties of peach were also introduced at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 1968 from California. 67

71. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Source- FAO, 2020 68

72. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Varieties Promising varieties of peach recommended for different states 69

73. Special features Varieties Nectarines cultivars Necta red, Sun Grand, Sun Lite , Sun Rise, Sun Ripe Mid season variety Early grande Early ripening Florida prince Low chilling varieties Florida red, sun red , sun gold, Shan-e- punjab , Sharbati , Saharanpur, Prabhat Male sterile variety J.H. Hale, Julie Elberta , Halberta Yellow fleshed variety Florida Sun, Shan-e- punjab White fleshed variety Prabhat , Sharbati Nectarines variety Sun Red Chilling requirement of Peach <500 hrs of chilling Among temperate fruit crops peaches has the lowest chilling requirement. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 70

74. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Julie Elberta Red heaven May fire Snow queen 71 Photo Source- https://gardenerspath.com

75. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 72 Photo Source- https://gardenerspath.com

76. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Rootstocks Seedling rootstocks: Peach seedlings are generally used as rootstock, though plum, apricot and almond seedlings can also be used. In the plains, seeds of Sharbati , Safeda and wild apricot is used to grow the rootstock for peach propagation. Clonal rootstocks for peach: For peach, peach x almond hybrid GF677 clonal rootstock is commercially used. This rootstock is useful on alkaline soil due to resistance to chlorosis . The other important clonal rootstocks are Siberian C ( cold hardy), St. Julien hybrid No.1 and 2 and Damas GF677 ( resistant to water logging and alkaline soil). Nematode resistant rootstock- Nemagaurd and Shalil . 73

77. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Propagation Commercially used and ideal method of propagation of peach is Tongue or cleft grafting. Peach can also be propagated through T-budding or Shield budding. Time of Propagation In the hills, tongue grafting during February and T budding during May- June are recommended. In plains, grafting is performed during November-January and budding during April- June and in September. Planting time and system In plains, square system of planting is common, while in hills layout of an orchard is done with contour and terrace system. Planting of peach is done December -January when the plant is in dormant conditions. Planting distance Peaches are generally planted at a distance of 4.5 m x 6.5 m. High density planting- 3m x 3m Tatura trellis system- 5m x 1m (2000 plants/ha) Meadow system-2m x 1m (5000 plants/ha) Training Peach is generally trained in the form of open center. But recently modified central leader system is very popular. In high density, peach are trained with tatura trellis system . 74

78. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Cleft grafting Shield budding 75 https://propg.ifas.ufl.edu

79. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 76 High density planting in peach https://www.agrifarming.in

80. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Tatura trellis training system 77 https://www.agrifarming.in

81. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 78 http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in

82. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 79 http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in Open centre system

83. Pruning The best time of pruning is during dormant season (December to January). Maturity index Various indices for judging fruit maturity used are - Days from full bloom , calendar dates, fruit size. - firmness & pit discoloration. Days required from flowering to maturity vary in different cultivars varies from 78 to 127 days. Harvesting Hand picking is the standard method for harvesting fruits. The picking containers are lined with cushion materials to avoid cuts and bruises. Yield On an average 20-30 kg fruit/tree can be harvested from 3 years old trees. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 80

84. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Fertilizer dose (1 year old tree ) 70:35:70g N:P:K for one year old tree Orchard management Clean basin management,inter-cropping,mulching,sod culture Insects Peach leaf curl aphid ( Brachycaudus helichrysi ) is the most serious pest of peach. Disease Peach leaf curl ( Taphrina deformans ) -Peach leaf curl is mainly a disease of peaches and nectarines. - It is caused by a fungus that infects the bud scales and forces the leaf, twig, flower or fruit to produce many more cells in affected area. 81

85. Production technology of Cherry 82

86. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Cherry- Prunus avium Prunus cerasus Family - ( Rosaceae ) Chromosome no.- (2n=2x=16) (2n=4x=32) Origin- South East Europe and North West Asia The cultivated cherries are divided into two main group i.e. sweet cherries ( Prunus avium ) and sour cherries ( P.cerasus ). The sweet cherry is mainly used for table purpose and sour cherries for processing. In India, it was introduced by british settler’s in Kashmir, Kullu and Shimla hills during pre –independence era. In the world, it is grown in 381482 ha and fruit production is 2196537 MT (FAO,2009-10) 83

87. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Source- FAO, 2020 84

88. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Varieties Promising varieties of cherry recommended for different states Heart group- Fruit is heart-shaped having soft and tender flesh. Colour of fruit varies from dark with reddish juice to light coloured with colorless juice. Red Heart, Black Heart are important varieties of this group. Bigarreau group- Fruit roundish, colour of fruit and juice varies from dark to light red. Sam, Summit, Sue, Sunbrust , Lapins , Compact Stella and hybrid (13-17-40) are new promising varieties. 85

89. Mature fruit of dark and light coloured variety Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 86 Photo source- https://pngtree.com

90. Black heart Stella Bing Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 87 Photo Source- https://gardenerspath.com

91. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Important species Common name Scientific name Uses Sweet cherry Prunus avium Mostly used for table purpose Sour cherry ( Prunus avium x Prunus fruticosa ) Prunus cerasus Tetarploid , mostly used for canning or cooking Duke cherry ( Prunus avium x Prunus cerasus ) Prunus gudouini Interspecific hybrid Chilling requirement of cherry 2000-2700 hrs Among temperate fruit crops cherry has the highest chilling requirement. 88

92. Sweet cherry Sour cherry Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 89 Photo Source- https://gardenerspath.com

93. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Rootstocks Seedling rootstocks: Seedling rootstocks of cherry are paja ( Prunus cerasoides ), bird cherry ( Prunus paddum ), mahaleb and mazzard Clonal rootstocks for cherry: Clonal rootstocks are Colt, Giesela , Charger, SL 64 and Mazzard F 12/1. Colt is semi-dwarf, compatible with almost all varieties of sweet cherry, has good anchorage, and is tolerant to gummosis, crown-rot, moderately resistant to stem-pitting virus and bacterial canker but susceptible to oak-root fungus. Mazzard F 12/1 is semi-vigorous and difficult-to root rootstock. 90

94. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Propagation Commercially used and ideal method of propagation of cherry is Tongue or whip grafting. Time of Propagation In the hills, tongue grafting is done during February to March which gives 90% success. Planting time and system In India, cherry cultivation is confined to hilly areas on sloppy lands so the planting is done on contour or terrace system. Square system of layout is recommended for the establishment of an orchard. Planting of cherry is done December -January when the plant is in dormant conditions. Planting distance A spacing of 6m x 6m is recommended for plants raised on seedling rootstock For semi-dwarfing rootstock like colt , spacing can be reduced to 4.5 x 4.5 m. Training Most commonly adopted training system is modified leader training system. 91

95. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 92 https://propg.ifas.ufl.edu

96. Pruning The best time of pruning is during dormant season (December to January). Maturity index Colour development, TSS and flavour are the best standards for judging the optimum time of harvesting. Harvesting Fresh fruits are picked with stem when the surface colour changes from green to red. The fruits are packed in boxes lined with paper. Yield On an average 23-90 kg fruit/tree can be harvested/year. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 93

97. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Fertilizer dose (1 year old tree ) 200:160:100g N:P:K for one year old tree Orchard management Clean basin management , mulching , sod culture Serious threat Fruit cracking- it causes 50-80% loss. Sweet cherry cultivars differ in the susceptibility in cracking because of differences in the rate of water absorption and capacity for expansion of the peripheral tissues to accommodate the increased fruit volume that results when water is absorbed. Abnormal reduction in fruit size- it is due to the zinc deficiency. 94

98. Production technology of Strawberry 95

99. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Strawberry- Fragaria ananasa Family - ( Rosaceae ) Chromosome no.- (2n=8x=56) Origin- Man made hybrid (France) Strawberry is a native of temperate regions, but varieties are available which can be grown in subtropical areas. The cultivated strawberry ( Fragaria x ananassa ) was first tried in Europe in the early 18th century and represents the accidental cross of F. virginiana from eastern North-America, which was noted for its fine flavor and F. chiloensis from Chile and noted for its large size. The major strawberry growing states in India are Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand , Jammu and Kashmir and Maharshtra ( Mahabaleshwar ). 96

100. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Source- FAO, 2020 97

101. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Varieties Specific features Varieties Hybrid: Arking Cardinal x ark 5431 Suitable for meridional conditions Tioga Day neutral varieties Selva , muir , Fern, Hecker Day neutral and off season varieties Selva Ideal varieties for processing Midland, Midway, Hood, Beauty Suitable varieties for ice cream making Olympus, Hood and Shuksan Most successful for summer condition Pajaro Most popular varieties under North indian plains Chandler, Sweet charlie , Camarosa , Nabila 98

102. Tioga Chandler Torrey Selva Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 99 Photo Source- https://gardenerspath.com

103. Pajaro Berubi Fern Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 100 Photo Source- https://gardenerspath.com

104. Propagation Commercially used and ideal method of propagation of strawberry is runners. Induction of runners formation IBA@100ppm. Nowadays, tissue culture techniques has been adopted for mass multiplication. Planting time and system Strawberry is planted in rows during September to mid of October. Matted row planting system is commercially used. Mulching Af ter one month of planting, the plants are mulched with black polythene or grass mulch, which will protect the berries from the direct contact with the soil. Mulching of strawberries in fall has been found useful as it minimizes winter freezing injury to plants, and suppressing early spring growth, thereby reducing fruit bud frost injury . Poly tunnels can also be used to protect the strawberry fruit from frost in winter. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 101

105. Propagation through runner Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) https://propg.ifas.ufl.edu 102

106. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Mulching Black polythene mulch is very beneficial which is placed after planting by creating the holes at the point of plant. Alkathene mulch can also be used over the beds to maintain more favorable soil environment and to protect the plant from cold injury. Wheat straw and paddy straw can also be used as mulch material. Planting distance Strawberry is planted at a spacing of 25-30 cm plant to plant and 45-50 cm apart in rows during. Fertilizer dose 80:30:40 kg N:P:K/ ha (N should be applied in two split doses after month of planting, and remaining half before blossoming. Serious threat Red spider mite ( Tetranychus urticae ) :- is a serious pest present on the under side of the leaves. Gray mold: ( Botrytis cinerea ) : Light brown soft spot appear on fruits, the berries dry out and covered by a dusty fungus growth. 103

107. System of planting Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 104 https://hortamericas.com

108. Mulching in strawberry Use of poly tunnel in strawberry Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 105 https://hortamericas.com

109. Maturity index Harvesting Fruits are usually harvested when half to three quarters of skin develops colour . A delay in picking increases the percentage of overripe and rotten berries. It is conventional practice to harvest the strawberries every third day. Yield On an average 10-20 tons/ha can be harvested. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 106

110. Production technology of Apricot 107

111. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Apricot- Prunus armeniaca Family - ( Rosaceae ) Chromosome no.- (2n=16) Origin- North Eastern China The apricot fruit moved westward from central Asia through Iran and transcaucasus region and reached Italy during first century , to England in 13th century and to North America by 1720. Commercial cultivation of apricot in India is at recent origin and was started by European settler and missionaries after 1870. Presently, apricot is grown commercially in hills of HP, J & K, Uttarakhand and to a limited extent in North-Eastern hills. 108

112. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Source- FAO, 2020 109

113. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Varieties Himachal Pradesh Uttarakhand Jammu and kashmir Early Late Mid hills New castle, Early Shipley, Kaisa Shakarpara High hills Kaisa , Nugget, Royal Suffaida , Charmagz , St.Ambroise , Moorpark . Nari Dry Temperate Charmagz , Suffaida , Shakarpara , Kaisha, Halman , Nari . Charmagz , Kaisha, Moorpark, Turkey, St.Ambroise , Shipley‟s Early, Chaubattia Alankar , Chaubattia Madhu , Chaubattia Kesri Ladakh : Halman , Rakcha Karpu , Tokpopa , Narmu and Khante Kashmir – Turkey, Australian, Charmagz , Rogan and Shakarpara The long cool winter (300-900 chilling hours), frost free and warm spring are favorable for fruiting. 110

114. Royal Nugget New castle Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 111 https://wikifarmer.com/

115. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Hybrids: Varieties Parents Features Chaubattia Alankar Kaishu x Charmagz Low chilling and early ripening Chaubattia Madhu Turkey x Charmagz Early ripening Chaubattia Kesari St. Ambrose x Charmagz Mid season variety New Varieties for mid hills: Early Maturing - Baiti , Beladi . Early maturing Apricot Late – Farming dale, Alfred. Low chilling varieties: New castle, Shipley, St. Ambrose, Kaishu 112

116. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Rootstocks Seedling rootstocks: Wild apricot ( Chulli ) and wild peach seedlings are commercially are used as a rootstock. However, wild apricot seedlings are generally prefered as rootstocks because the graft union is good and the trees are more vigorous than on plum and wild peach seedlings. Clonal rootstocks for Apricot: Different clonal rootstocks have been recommended in different regions .i.e. Myrobalan 29 C and Marianna 2624 for Himachal Pradesh; GF 31, GF 8-1 for Jammu and Kashmir and Marianna 7/7 for Uttarakhand . 113

117. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Propagation Commercially used and ideal method of propagation of apricot is Tongue grafting . T-budding is also done in Apricot in case of less thickened seedlings. Planting time The apricot plants are planted during the dormant season i.e. end of December to February, but early planting gives better establishment of plants. Planting system On the flat land, a regular planting layout system such as square and triangular is followed, while on the hill slopes, contour system is generally practiced. Training and pruning The apricot is trained to open vase and modified centre leader system of training though the open vase system of training is more popular in hilly regions. The best time of pruning is during dormant season (December to January). 114

118. Planting and planting density in apricot Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 115 https://hortamericas.com

119. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Planting distance The plants are generally planted at a spacing of 6m x 6m. Fertilizer dose (1 year old tree ) 70:35:100g N:P:K for one year old tree Orchard management Clean basin management, inter-cropping, mulching, sod culture Serious threat San Jose Scale ( Quadraspidiotus perniciosus ) : - The nymph and adults suck sap from aerial parts. -It is polyphagus pests which feeds on the plants. PPV (transmitted through aphids ) 116

120. Maturity index -Change of surface colour . -Days from full bloom to harvest - Fruit T.S.S are considered to be the best indices of maturity. Harvesting The fruits should be harvested in the morning hours and direct exposure of fruits to sun are avoided during grading and packing. For fresh market, the fruits are plucked when surface color turn green to yellow. Yield -On an average 50-80 kg fruit/tree can be harvested/year. -Apricot trees start fruiting at the age of 5 years and give economic yield up to 30-35years. Apricot attains full bearing age at about 8-10 years. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 117

121. Production technology of Almond 118

122. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Almond- Prunus dulcis Family - ( Rosaceae ) Chromosome no.- (2n=2x=16) Origin- Central Asia Almond is an important temperate fruit with widespread popularity for its kernels throughout the world. The kernels are rich source of fat (54%), proteins (19%) minerals and vitamins. The state of Jammu Kashmir is the major almond producing state in the country. Kernels after blanching, roasting, frying and salting are very delicious and in great demand. 119

123. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Source- FAO, 2020 120

124. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Varieties Breeding methods Varieties Special features Most popular variety Ne plus-ultra - Introduced variety Makhdoom , Parbat, Waris , Shalimar, Pranyaj - Hybridization Sloh (Peach x Almond) Self fertile Mutant variety Supernova Late flowering and self compatible variety High yielding variety Non- pareil Leading cultivar Other varieties IXL, Jordanolo , Merced, Texas, Drake, Peerless Chilling requirement – 800 hrs. 121

125. Ne plus almond Supernova almond Non pareil Makhdoom Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 121 https://hortamericas.com

126. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Rootstocks Seedling rootstocks: In India seedlings of bitter almond, wild peach and behmi ( Prunus mira ) are used as a rootstock. In winter climate and irrigated areas peach seedling are used. Clonal rootstocks for Apricot: The clonal rootstocks like GF 677, GF 557, Marianna 2624, Myrobalan 2032 and Marianna GF 8/1 are being used world over. 122

127. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Propagation Commercially used and ideal method of propagation of almond is T- budding. Almond can also be propagated through Tongue grafting. Time of Propagation T-budding- may/July to august Tongue grafting- Feb- march Planting time and system One-year- old grafted or budded plants having good growth and well developed root system are planted in square, contour or terrace system. The planting should be done in December – January. Since almond is a highly cross pollinated crops, thus every third row should be planted with a pollinizer variety to provide 33 % pollinizer . distance Planting distance of almond should be 5m x 5m. Training Almond is generally trained in the form of open center system. Almond can also be trained through modified leader system. Pruning The best time of pruning is during dormant season (December to January). 123

128. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 124 T-budding https://propg.ifas.ufl.edu

129. Maturity index Almond can be harvested green or dry. Nuts of thin shelled variety are also harvested at the green stage for direct consumption. Almonds are ready for harvesting when they change from green to yellowish with cracks or when splitting at suture starts from pedicel end. Harvesting Nuts are harvested by knocking the limbs with long wooden poles. The polythene sheet should be spread beneath the tree prior to harvesting. The nuts should be placed in a shady place for dehulling where these can be dried as well. Yield The yield of 10-12 quintals/ ha of shelled almonds are obtained. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 125

130. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Fertilizer dose (1 year old tree ) 50:35:70g N:P:K for one year old tree Orchard management Clean basin management, inter-cropping, mulching, sod culture Serious threat Almond brown line and decline- transmitted by pear psylla . Brown mite- ( Bryobia rubioculus )- Feeding by these mites can cause chlorosis , but leaves rarely drops. 126

131. Production technology of Walnut 127

132. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Walnut- Juglans regia Family - ( Juglandaceae ) Chromosome no.- (2n=2x=32) Origin- Central Asia Walnut is one of the important nut fruit of the world cultivated mostly in semi-cold regions. The returning army of Alexander brought it to Europe from Iran. Almost all plant parts of walnut are utilized in one way or the other. Wood is used for making valuable furniture. The Kernels contains about 60-75% fat and oil, 16%carbohydrate, 15% Protein. The fruit has excellent flavor and is mainly consumed as a dry fruit being eaten for table purposes. 128

133. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Source- FAO, 2020 129

134. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Varieties Exotic varieties Hartley, Payne, Franquette , Serr , Sunland, Chico, Vina , Howard, Chandler , Tehana , Tulari , Lara, Fernor , Fernette Local selection Gobind , Pratap selection, Solding selection, Kotkhai Selection, Kashmir budded, Wilson Wonder, Chakrata Selection, Sulaman and Hamdam . The survey of walnut germplasm in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand have resulted in identifying potential seedlings which have been released as cultivars. Note- 130

135. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 131 https://wikifarmer.com/

136. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Rootstocks Seedling rootstocks: Walnut seedlings of Juglans regia are generally used as a rootstock for walnut in all over the world, however, in USA seeds of J. hindsi , Paradox ( J. hindsii x J. regia ) are used for raising seedling rootstocks. Traditionally, walnut in India is propagated by seed. Although sexual method is the most efficient and economical but not satisfactory, because the seedlings are highly variable, having long juvenile period, producing the nuts with inferior quality and with low shelling percentage. Note- Chilling hour of 200-800 hrs is required for better and favorable fruiting. 132

137. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Propagation Commercially used and ideal method of propagation of walnut is Patch budding/Side veneer grafting. Walnut can also be propagated through Chip budding or Tongue grafting. Time of Propagation Patch budding- End June to mid July Side veneer grafting- July -August Chip budding- Mid may to first week of June Tongue grafting- February Planting time and system On flat land, square or rectangular system and on sloppy land contour and terrace systems of layout are adopted. The planting is done any time from December to March but establishment of plants are better in early planting. Training Walnut trees are mainly trained according to modified leader system. Pruning The best time of pruning is during dormant season (December to January). 133

138. Seedling rootstock Chip budded nursery plants Chip budding Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 134 https://propg.ifas.ufl.edu

139. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Planting distance In general, the planting is done at a spacing of 10-12 meter in grafted plants and for seedling plants the spacing of 15 x 15 meter is recommended. However, lateral bearing varieties raised on clonal rootstocks like paradox are planted at a spacing of 8 x 8 meter. Fertilizer dose (1 year old tree ) Walnut trees should be fertilized with ½ kg of 15:15:15 NPK fertilizer mixture/year/tree up to 16 years age. Orchard management Clean basin management, inter-cropping, mulching, sod culture Serious threat Leaf and fruit blotch - causes early defoliation, it happens during the summer season. Blank nut- It s due to the hot summer condition with low humidity. 135

140. Maturity index Cracking of hulls from nut and change in colour of packing tissues between the kernels. When about 80% of the hulls have cracked from the nuts, it is a time of walnut picking. Depending upon the climate, the harvesting is usually done after two weeks of browning. Harvesting Walnut drop naturally over about one month period after splitting of hull in a natural way, while others are forced to drop down by splinting with long poles. The fallen nut are collected in huge heaps in the orchards and covered with wet leaves and grasses for hull fermentation taking about 10-15 days. Yield Walnut average nut yield (7-10kg) of nuts at an age of 5-7 years. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 136

141. Case study Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.)

142. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Effect of different time and methods of propagation on various characters of peach ( Prunus persica L.) under western U.P. conditions Research finding-1 Akansha Marwah et al. 2022 An Investigation consisting the impact of time and method of propagation on several parameters of peach i.e., Shoot diameter (cm), Shoot length (cm), Number of leaves, Leaf area, Height (cm), Survival (%), Mortality (%) and Treatments were allotted with two different factors viz factor A and factor B. This were observed on the basis of comprehensive study that amongst Wedge grafting and T-budding during the duration of January to March.

143. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Results and discussion Conclusion

144. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) Fruit set and development: Pre-requisites and enhancement in temperate fruit crops. Shaila Din et al. 2019 Research finding-2 Fruit set is the transformation of ovary to a rapidly growing young fruit which is initiated after successful pollination and fertilization. This investigation is for various prerequisites for good fruit set which is essential for development of flower buds, certain temperature range for good pollination, pollen tube growth, fertilization and relatively high level of photosynthates for developing fruit.

145. Factors affecting fruit set- Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 1. Pollination- Pollination is an essential process for fruit set, fruit growth, fruit quality, and seed set of most of the temperate fruit cultivars. There is significant decline in fruit set With increasing distance between pollinizer and main cultivars, and pollinizers Should be planted at proper ratio i.e. 11%, 15%, 25% and 33% for effective Pollination ( Pandith , 2014). 2. Plant growth regulators- https://www.pharmajournal.com

146. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 3.Stigmatic receptivity - In ‘Agua de Aranjuez ’, pear stigmatic receptivity is a limiting factor for flower receptivity. The highest initial fruit set was recorded for flowers pollinated at anthesis and 2 days after anthesis . After 4 to 6 days, fruit set was significantly reduced. Thus, stigmatic receptivity could be an important factor limiting pear flower receptivity ( Sanzol et al., 2003) 4.Incompatibility-

147. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 4.Non viable pollen- It is due to non-functional pollen or the ovule. Non-viability or impotence of pollen results in unfruitfulness. Triploid apples are exa of varieties whose pollen has poor viability. Late flowering in apricot genotypes showed lower pollen viability than early flowering genotypes (Ruiz and Egea , 2008). Conclusion- 1. Pollination is also one of the factors limiting crop productivity. Problems related to pollination need attention in the early stages for better production and quality. The preferable solution to this problem is to promote planting of appropiate ratio of pollinizer varieties, and honey bees for pollination. 2. For commercial production, at least two cross-compatible cultivars with synchronous flowering are recommended ( Banday and Sharma, 2010). 3. Fruit set improvement can be increased by growth regulators like auxins , cytokinins and gibberellins. This effect can be obtained by natural hormones extracted from the plant itself. 4. Pollen source is considered to be one of the most influential factors affecting the fruit set. Pollen density on the stigmatic surface is positively correlated with pollen tube growth and fruit growth rate (Zhang et al., 2010).

148. Constraints Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 1. Limited land and water resources. 2. Monoculture of old and traditional cultivars. 3. Limited vertical spectrum. 4. Non adoption of high density orcharding . 5. Lack of certified planting material raised on clonal or true to type uniform seediling rootstocks. 6. Less use of clonal rootstocks . 7. Lack of systematic plantation of nut crops because of non availibility of planting materials. 8. Lack of proportion of pollinizers and pollinators population. 9. Lack of adoption of Good Horticultural Practices . 10. Poor mechanization. 137

149. Future thrusts Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 1. Use of high yielding varieties : productivity can further be increase from 5.55t/ hac to 11t/ hac . 2. Diversification in fruit crops (Minor and unutilized fruit) 3. Adoption of high density orcharding on clonal rootstocks in HDP. 4. Pollination management (apple, pear, plum, cherry, almond, walnut) 5. Use of irrigation including fertigation technologies. 6. Integrated nutrient management with focus on organic farming and biofertilizer for eco-friendly nutrition as long term strategy. 7. Integrated pest management with focus on biological control and use of biopesticides . Harvest management practices and post harvest handling, processing, value addition and scientific storage. 8. Production of true to type/certified quality/planting materials. 9 . Establishment of bud banks of superior genotypes. 10. Adoption of modern market management practices. 138

150. Conclusion- Temperate fruit belongs to Rosaceae family and it includes pear, apple, almond, apricot, cherries, peach, plums, strawberries and raspberries. Generally temperate fruit crops necessitates specific environmental conditions which are found naturally in around Mediterranean regions. Most production however occurs in mountainous ranges at different elevations. The people living and practicing agriculture in these marginal lands are extremely poor. These fruits are highly priced compared with tropical fruits in Asian markets. Mountain areas are prone to soil erosion and environmental degradation due to the land clearing. Vegetative cover with perennial fruit crops will provide protection of the hills. This will promote sustainable land use and as well as generate regular income. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 139

151. 5. Deciduous fruit produced through eco-friendly practices such as minimal use of chemicals would not only improve the local environment but the clean and eco-friendly products should receive consumer preference in selected markets. 6. Yields of deciduous fruits in most Asian countries are currently low (3-6 t/ha) compared with developed countries (25-30 t/ha). This is due to the poor crop management practices. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.) 140

152. References- Awasthi , O. P., Ahmed, N., Singh, A.K. and Verma , M.K. 2006. New varieties released: Hort Hori- zons (sweet cherry). Indian J. Hort. 69(4). AgriMoon.com: Breeding of Fruit and Plantation Crops. Das, B., Ahmed, N. and Singh Pushkar . 2019. Prunus diversity- early and present development. FAO, 2020. FAOSTAT. https://www.fao.org/home/en. Ghosh , S.N., Verma , M.K. and Thakur Anirudh . 2015b.Temperate Fruit Crop Breeding-Domestication to cultivar development. Part-I. Jaya Publishing House, Delhi-95, ISBN: 978-93-84337-15-5, Pages 421. Glaustus Horticulture : P. Muthukumar and R. Sevlakumar . https://wwwgreaterkashmir.com . https://www.skuastkashmir.ac.in . Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.)

153. Sharma, R.L. 1993 a. Genetic resources of temperate fruits. In: K.L. Chadha (Ed) Advances in Horticulture, Vol. 1, pp. 243–266. Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi, India. Sharma, R.L. 1993 b. ICAR/INRA workplan visit report. Dr YS Parmar Univ. of Hort. & Forestry, Solan , HP, India. Temperate fruit & Nuts: K.L. Chadha , Nazeer Ahmed, S.K.Singh . Temperate fruit : S.K. Mitra and T.K. Bose. Verma , M. K., Ahmed, N., Singh, A.K. and Awasthi , O.P. 2018. Temperate Tree Fruits and Nuts in India Chronica Horti ., 50(4): 43-48. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.)

154. Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture and Forestry (C.G.)