Production technology of Jack Fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

Production technology of Jack Fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) - Varieties, Propagation, Planting and Harvesting

1. Botanical name : Artocarpus heterophyllus
Family : Moraceae
Origin : India
Chromosome No. : 2n = 56
Type of Fruit: Sorosis, National Fruit of Bangladesh
Production technology of Jack Fruit
Dr. M. Kumaresan (Hort.)
Department of Horticulture
Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced
Studies (VISTAS)
Pallavaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu -600117

2. Introduction
•India is considered to be the native home of jack
•Fleshy carpel (Perianth) is the edible portion
•Largest edible fruit (20-40 kg) (Sri Lanka: 120 kg fruit created the world record)
•Fruit is also called as poor man’s fruits in eastern and southern part
•Jacalin is the major protein contained in the crude extract of jackfruit
•Jackfruit is a useful source of a wide variety of phytonutrients
•Healthy source of vitamin C, potassium, fiber, and some other essential vitamins and
minerals

3. Composition and uses
•Immature tender fruits and the seeds of ripe fruits are used for culinary purposes
•Ripe fruits are used for table purpose, dehydrated leathers, jelly and chips etc.
•Flour of the seeds are mixed in poultry feeds
•Produces valuable timbers- furniture's, Musical instruments, toys, carvings etc.,
•Seeds contain 7.22% crude protein
•Recently it has been reported that jack fruit could be very useful in the treatment of
the dreaded disease of human being AIDS.
•An extract of jack fruit was seen to have inhibited the growth of HIV infection in
vitro (substance called Jacaline)

4. Origin and Distribution
•Jackfruit is a common and popular fruit crop of the low land tropics of eastern and
southern parts of India
•Jack fruit is indigenous to India, commonly grown in Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Brazil,
Jamaica, Myanmar, Singapore, India
•In India, Assam, Bihar, Kerala and Tamil Nadu are the main jack growing states.
•In Tamil Nadu lower Palani hills of Dindigul and Panruti of South Arcot Vallalar
District are known for the best quality jack fruits

5. Species and Cultivars
•A. hetrophyllus previously known as A. integnifolia
Other related jack fruit species are
•A. altilis - bread fruit- small sized round fruit, found in TN, Assam and Kerala
•A. lakoocha- Monkey Jack- Small edible fruits- it grows wild in Assam, WB, UP
•A. hirsute- is a semi-wild edible species, native to India
•A. champeden- edible fruit with strong odour like durian

6. Singapore (or) Ceylon jack
•It was introduced in Tamil Nadu from Sri Lanka
•Fruits are medium in size each weighing 7-10 kg
•Carpels are crisp, sweet, yellow with strong pleasant aroma
•It is a precocious bearer viz., even seedling progenies will start bearing from 3
years after planting (normally in other types the seedlings progenies will start
bearing only from 7-8 years after planting).
•Fruits will be available from March – June and again from September to December.

7. Singapore (or) Ceylon jack

8. PLR 1 (Palur-1)
•It is a high yielding variety developed at Vegetable Research Station, Palur
•A single plant section isolated in Panikkankuppamvillage near Panrutiof South Arcot
VallalarDistrict of Tamil Nadu
•Fully ripe fruits have flat stigmatic surface instead of a spiny surface
•Trees bear fruits twice in a year viz., fruits will be available in the regular jack season
March to June and an off season crop during October to December is also available
•Each tree bears about 60-80 fruits
•Average fruit weight is 12 kg containing 115-120 flakes
•Flakes pale yellow in colour, crip and sweet; TSS is 19
0
brix

9. PLR 2 (Palur-2)
•Clonal Selection from Pathirakkottailocal
•High yield (107 fruits/tree) with medium tall trees
•Suitable for High Density Planting
•Vary sweet and non sticky carpels (TSS-20°brix)
•High palatability
•Good keeping quality
•High consumer preference
•Year of release –2007

10. PPI 1 (Pechiparai 1)
•It was developed at Horticultural Research Station, Pechiparai of TNAU by clonal
selection from Mulagummoodu local.
•Trees are medium tall maximum bearing in tree truck. On average each tree bears
107 fruits weighing 1818 kg per year in two seasons, viz., April – June and
November – December.
•Carpels are sweet, crisp, tasty with pleasant aroma.
•Suitable for commercial planting as well as for planting in home garden.

11. Hybrid jack and Burliar -1
Hybrid jack
•It is a cross between Singapore jack x Veliappala developed at Fruit Research
Station, Kallar
•Trees are precocious in bearing; carpels are bigger in size sweeter than the parents
Burliar -1 : (T Nagar selection)
•It was developed at Fruit Research Station, Burliar
•Trees are medium in height and prolific in bearing

12. Climate and Soil
•Tolerates a variety of soils, a deep rich alluvial or open textured loamy soil with
slightly acidic condition (pH 6.0 – 6.5) and perfect drainage is ideal.
•Crop comes up well in the plains and up to an elevation of 1200m
•Fruit tree is very well suited for dry land conditions
•A temperature range of 22-35
0
C will be ideal.
•It can be grown under wide range of soils rich deep and well drained soil is good
for its cultivation
•Fruit tree comes up well under humid and warm climate of hill slopes, arid warmer
plains of south India

13. Seed propagation
•Seedling trees may take 10 years to bear
•In India most of the plantations are still raised by seeds
•Seedlings can be raised in pots/poly bags which are ready for transplanting after
one year
•Freshly extracted seeds are sown for higher % of germination

14. Vegetative methods
•Presence of gum/latex – layering, building, grafting is difficult to carry out
•Cuttings were found to root easily under mist by treating with 1BA at 3,000ppm and ferulic
acid at 200ppm
•Recent years softwood grafting is commonly practiced, patch budding 100% success provided
there must be sufficient sap present in scion and root stock
•Air layering is the earliest vegetative propagation, pretreatment of stock plant with ethrel
(250ppm) 15 days before the air layers preparation and treating the layers with 1BA at 3000
or 5000ppm at the time of air layering caused 100% rooting

15. Planting
•Jack fruit is planted as a shade tree in coffee garden or as mixed plant, as avenue plant
•To have a regular orchard like mango the spacing 10x10 m is followed
•Dig pits of 1 m x 1 m x 1 m.
•Fill up the pits with top soil mixed with 10 Kg of FYM and 1 Kg of neem cake per pit
•Seedlings are planted in square system with spacing of 10m x10m.
•June to August is ideal time for planting.
•Plant preferably grafts during June – December at 8 x 8 m spacing
•During summer supplementary irrigation should be provided

16. Manures and fertilizers
•A bearing tree requires a fertilizer dose of 20-30 kg FYM, 200g N, 320g P
20
5,
960 g K
20 and 5 kg ash.
•Tree should be irrigated immediately after manure and fertilizer application.
•For 1-3 years old tree- 200:60g NP/plant/year
•For 4-6 years old tree- 400:240:120g NPK/plant/Year
•7th year onwards 600:300:240g NPK/plant/Year

17. Training
•Jacks are trained to single stem, early side branches should be removed then and
there so that a uniform smooth trunk develops for a height of 1.5 – 2 M and then
scaffold branches should be permitted to arise
•This trunk is going to develop fruit buds and hence should be kept free of growths

18. •Flowering starts in December and continues up to March
•It is monoecious plant with spike type of inflorescence
•Male and female inflorescence present in same plant
•Flowers are cross pollinated by honey beers
•A multiple fruit, known as sorosis develops pollination and fertilization
•Male inflorescence (catkins) are seen in the current season growth while female catkins are
produced as cauliflorus (on trunk and main scaffold)
•Fruits takes about 90-110days after appearance of the spike, mature in June-July and are
available almost throughout the year in Assam & South India
Flowering

19. Harvesting
•It is a climacteric fruit; harvesting is done by cutting the fruit along with stalk after developing sweet
and good flavor
•Change in fruit colour from green to light yellow, harvesting is done by cutting off the stalk carrying
the fruits
Yield
•An 15 year old tree yields about 250 fruits, the individual fruit may weigh from 1kg to about 20 kg
•Crop yields about 30-40 t/ha
•Yield commences from 5
th
year in grafts and 8
th
year in seedling trees
•Harvest is done during March-July
Storage
•Fruits are stored for 2-3 months at 5
0
C with 85-90% relative humidity and 1 week under room
temperature
Harvesting, Yield and Storage

20. Pests and Diseases
Fruit borer: Apply Carbaryl 50 WP @ 2 g/lit
Spittle bug: Spray methyl parathion 50 EC 2ml/lit or Methyl demeton 25 EC @ 2ml/lit or
Phosphamidon 40 SL 2 ml/lit or dust Methyl parathion 2 D or Quinalphos dust 1.5 D
Rhizopus rot: Spray 1 % Bordeaux mixture or Copper oxychloride 2.5 g/lit. Three sprays must be
given at 15 days interval
Shoot and trunk borer: The caterpillar bore into the shoots bud and fruit and cause severe
damage. The infected part should be cut and destroyed. Spraying of Carbaryl 50% @4grnIL of
water in the flowering season controls the pest.
Fruit rot: The pathogen usually infects the male inflorescence and fruits. The rot starts near, the
stalk end, which get covered with the mycelium. Spraying of Indofil M-45 at 0.2% and Bavistin
(Carbendazim) at 0.05% three times at 14 days interval starting in March give good control of the
disease.