Production technology of jute

Bangladesh is an agricultural based country located in South Asia. Agriculture is the prime occupation of the major peoples in Bangladesh. In 1947-48 Bangladesh grown about 80% of total jute in the world which produced lot of foreign money that was majority of the total revenue of the country. For this reason jute is called as "Golden Fiber" of Bangladesh. Jute is one of the cheapest and the strongest of all natural fibres and considered as fibre of the future. Raw jute is the natural fibre which is extremely eco-friendly. Bangladesh is the biggest producer of natural jute or raw jute fibre both in quantity and quality .The other countries grow Jute plant are India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand etc.

1. WELCOME TO THE PRESENTATION Presented by Mrinal Kanti Roy ID# 12109049 Program: BSAg Email: [email protected] IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology 1

2. Production Technology of Jute 2

3. Contents Introduction Origin & Distribution History Classification of jute Botanical description of jute Varieties of Jute Jute based profitable crop rotation Climate, Temperature, Soil and Land type Rainfall , Planting Time, Seed rate Intercultural operation Nutrients and fertilizers Pests, Disease Insect and pest control Harvest and yield The Fiber Extraction Process Cost of Production/Hectare Conclusion 3

4. Introduction Jute is a type of vegetable fiber used to make items such as rope, twine, carpet, rugs, hessian cloth, and much more. Jute is one of the cheapest and the strongest of all natural fibres and considered as fibre of the future. Raw jute is the natural fibre which is extremely eco-friendly. So it is called Golden Fibre . Bangladesh is the biggest producer of natural jute or raw jute fibre both in quantity and quality. 4

5. Golden Fibre 5

6. Origin & Distribution The centre of origin of white Jute ( C.Capsularis )is to be Indo-Burma including South China and that of Tossa Jute (C.olitorius) is Africa. According to Kundu (1951), the primary centre of origin of C.olitorius L is Africa and secondary centre may be India or Indo-Burma region. It was spread in India through Egypt and Afghanistan and from there it was spread in China, Philippines etc. 6

7. History   White Jute ( Corchorus Capsularis ): Several historical documents during the era of Mughal Emperor Akbar (1542–1605) state that the poor villagers of India used to wear clothes made of jute. Simple handlooms and hand spinning wheels were used by the weavers, who used to spin cotton yarns as well. History also states that Indians, especially Bengalis, used ropes and twines made of white jute from ancient times for household and other uses. 7

8. History conti …. Tossa Jute ( Corchorus Olitorius ): Tossa jute is an Afro-Arabian variety. It is quite popular for its leaves that are used as an ingredient in a mucilaginous potherb called  molokhiya , popular in certain Arab countries. The Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible mentions this vegetable potherb as Jew’s mallow .  8

9. Scientific Classification Local Name : Tossa pat, Sadha Pat. English Name : Jute Scientific Name : Tossa Jute --- Corchorus olitorius (L) White Jute --- Corchorus capsularis (L) Family --- Tiliaceae 9

10. Botanical description of jute The botanical description of Jute plant is as follows: Plant: Annual herb, tall, slender half shrubby, nearly 2.0-3.0 meters of height. Stem: Long, slender and colour varies from full green to dark red in case of Capsularis and green or coloured light red or deep red in case of Olitorius. Stem is terminally branched. Root: Well branched tap root. Leaf: Simple and petiolate. Flower: Small and yellow in colour. Fruit: Capsule. Pod round ( C.capsularis ) and elongated ( C.olitorius ) 10

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12. Varieties of Jute A number of white and tossa jute varieties has been released in Bangladesh since the beginning of research in the first decade of twentieth century. These include 21 white and 10 tossa jute varieties are as follows: White jute: Kakya Bombai, R-85, D-154, D-386, Funduk, C-212, C-13, C-321, C-412, C-1, C-2, C-3, C-4, C-5, C-6, CVE-3, CVL-1, CC-45, BJC-83, BJC-7370, & C-38 Tossa jute: R-26, R-27, CG, O-2, O-3, O-4, O-5, O-9897, 0M-1 & O-72 12

13. Jute based profitable crop rotation BJRI has developed profitable technology for three crops-based crop rotation. For example: jute- lentil+mustard , jute-transplanted Aman -wheat, jute- transplanted Aman -gram, jute-transplanted Aman -onion, jute-transplanted Aman -vegetable, jute-transplanted Aman-mung bean or gram, jute- transplanted Aman -maize, jute- transplanted Aman - data, jute- transplanted Aman-gram+lentil , jute-transplanted Aman-potato+tobacco , jute- transplanted Aman -tobacco, jute-radish- wheat+lentil , jute-radish- potato+red spinach+pumpkin . The farmers have increased their income by using crop rotaion methods. 13

14. Climate The suitable climate for growing jute (warm and wet climate) is offered by the monsoon climate during the monsoon season. Temperature Temperatures from 20˚C to 40˚C and relative humidity of 70%–80% are favorable for successful jute cultivation. 14

15. Soil and Land type Jute needs a plain alluvial soil and standing water. Alluvial sandy loam, clay loamy soils are best suited for jute production. Capsularis jute can grow even in standing water especially towards the latter part of its growth. Olitorius jute will not thrive in standing water. The latter is more drought resistant and is therefore grown on lighter soils. Soil pH 6.5-7.5 15

16. Rainfall Jute requires 5–8 cm of rainfall weekly and more during the sowing period. Planting Time Jute is a rainy season crop, sown from March to May according to rainfall and type of land.    16

17. Seed rate Seeds can be sown either by broadcasting or by line sowing. Jute type Seed rate (kg/ha) Spacing (cm) No. of Plants/ Sq. Mtr . Line Sowing Broad Casting (Tossa jute) Olitorius  5  7 25  x 5  80 White jute (Capsularis)  7  10 30  x 5  67 17

18. Intercultural operation Weed Management : Hand weeding twice on 20 - 25 DAS and 35 - 40 DAS. Fluchloralin can be sprayed at 3 days after sowing at the rate of 1.5 kg per  hectare and is followed by irrigation.  Further one hand weeding can be taken up at 30 - 35 DAS. 18

19. Water Management: Jute crop requires 500 mm of water. First irrigation is to be given after sowing and life irrigation on fourth day after sowing. Afterwards irrigation can be given once in 15 days. 19

20. Drainage           Appropriate drainage facility may be arranged in order to avoid stagnation of water in the event of high rainfall during the crop growth period. 20

21. Nutrients and fertilizers A good crop of tossa jute yielding 3.1 t ha -1 of dry fibre takes on an average of 65 kg N, 52 kg P 2 O 5 , 163 kg K 2 O, 128 kg CaO , and 33 kg MgO ha -1 is required. White jute yielding 2.0 t ha -1 of dry fibre takes on an average 84 kg N, 37 kg P 2 O 5 , 117 kg K 2 O, 120 kg CaO , and 49 kg MgO ha -1 during growth period. 21

22. Pests Jute hairy caterpilla, Jute semilooper, Jute stem weevil, Field cricket, Yellow mite   22

23. Disease Several diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses and deficiency or nutritional disorders these are- Leaf spot Leaf rot Root-rot Anthracnose Leaf blight White spongy rot Saprophyte Stem rot Wilt and dry rot Mosaic 23

24. Insect and pest control Beside recommendation of several pesticides, physical and biological control measures have also been recommended for jute. Raw garlic paste 12.50% i.e. 125 gram garlic paste mixed with 1 Kg jute seed can be used for seed purification and to prevent seedling mortality. Neem leaf extracts and water (1:20) can be used to control white mite. 24

25. Harvesting  Jute is harvested any time between 120 days to 150 days when the flowers have been shed, early harvesting gives good healthy fibers. The plant from 8 to 12 feet high are cut with stickles at or close the ground level.  In flooded land, plants are up rooted.  The harvested plants are left in field for 3 days for the leaves to shed. The stems are then made up into bundles for steeping in water.  Steeping is carried out immediately after harvest. 25

26. Yield: Green plant weight yield is 45 to 50 tonnes per hectare Fibre yield is 2.0 to 2.5 tonnes per hectare. Raw Jute 26

27. The Fiber Extraction Process  27

28. Retting Process Retting of Jute Fibre Extraction Fibre Extraction 28

29. Fibre Extraction Washing Fibre Drying Fibre Trasportation of Jute 29

30. Uses The fibre is use of household, domestic and decorative purposes like ropes, sacks,bags, blanket, towine yarn, rugs, hessian cloth, wall mats etc. Now it is used to produce CBC yarn and Jutex yarn by blending with cotton fiber. Now a days green jute is used to produce paper. The wood stick is used to makes paper,partecs tabile,board etc. Young shoots, leaves can be eat by cooked. 30

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34. Cost of Production/Hectare Input Cost: Material Cost = 5,705tk Non-material cost = 78,880tk Overhead Cost: = 90,415tk ------------------------------------------------- Total Cost =1,75,000tk Gross Income – 2,10,000tk Net Income = (2,10,000 –1,75,000) tk = 35,000tk 34

35. Conclusion Jute is the second most important natural fibre in Bangladesh after cotton and contributes 4% to the national GDP. About 3 million farmers are engaged in jute cultivation in Bangladesh and it is the third largest export earner with more than USD 450 mil annually. The recent mapping of the genome of the jute seed by several Bangladeshi scientists working in collaboration, has opened up a new horizon for the jute sector. 35

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