Production technology of RAPESEED – MUSTARD FINAL (2).pptx

Rapeseed and mustard are important oilseed crops with distinct production technologies. Here’s a brief overview:
- Soil Requirements: They thrive in well-drained loamy soils with a pH of 6.0–7.5.
- Sowing Time: Ideal sowing period is from September to October in temperate regions.
- Seed Rate: Line sowing requires 4–5 kg/ha, while broadcasting needs 5–6 kg/ha.
- Fertilization: A balanced application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium enhances yield.
- Pest & Disease Management: Common threats include mustard aphids, Alternaria blight, and white rust.
- Harvesting: The crop is ready when 75% of pods turn golden yellow.

1. MAJOR OILSEED CROPS CULTIVATED IN INDIA SOYABEAN (KHARIF ) GROUNDNUT (KHARIF AND RABI) RAPESEED – MUSTARD (RABI) SUNFLOWER (KHARIF AND RABI) SAFFLOWER (RABI) LINSEED (RABI) CASTORSEED (KHARIF) NIGERSEED (KHARIF) SESAMUM (KHARIF)

2. RAPESEED - MUSTARD Rapeseed-mustard group of crops is the major oilseed crop of India Accounts for nearly one-third of the edible oil produced in India, making it the country’s key edible oilseed crop M ajor source of income especially even to the marginal and small farmers in rainfed areas As it has low water requirement (80-240 mm), rapeseed-mustard crops fit well in the rainfed cropping system Since India spends a huge amount of Forex on oil import, increasing the domestic production can substantially lower the edible oil import.

3. RAPESEED – MUSTARD USES Edible Oil (contains 37 to 49 %) - used for human consumption throughout northern India in cooking & frying purposes Leaves of young plants are used as green vegetables as they supply enough sulphur and minerals in the diet Seed and oil of some species are used as condiments in the preparation of pickles Used in hair oils and medicines Used in soap making and lubricants Oil is used in the manufacture of grease Oil cake is used as cattle feed and manure Green stems & leaves are good folder for cattle In tanning industry mustard oil is used for softening leather

4. RAPESEED – MUSTARD CROPS GROWN IN INDIA FAMILY: BRASSICACEAE Indian Group International Commercial Name Species Common Name Local Name Sarson Indian Colza, Colza , Rape Brassica campestris var . yellow sarson / B. rapa var. yellow sarson Turnip rape Yellow sarson B . campestris var. brown sarson / B. rapa var. brown sarson Turnip rape Brown sarson Toria Rape B. campestris var. yellow toria / Synonym B. rapa var. yellow toria Indian rape Yellow toria B. campestris var. black toria / Synonym B. rapa var. black toria Indian rape Black toria or lahi

5. RAPESEED – MUSTARD CROPS GROWN IN INDIA Indian Group International Commercial Name Species Common Name Local Name Rai Mustard B. juncea Indian mustard Rai / raya / laha B. juncea var. rugosa Rugosa Pahari rai B. nigra Black mustard Banarsi rai Abyssinia m ustard Brassica carinata Ethiopian mustard Karan rai Taramira Rape Eruca sativa Rocket cress Taramira Gobhi sarson Swede rape / European rapeseed Brassica napus Canola Gobhi sarson

6. ORIGIN Species Common name Origin B. juncea Rai China / Africa - From China it was introduced in India and further to Afghanistan and other countries B. campestris var. brown sarson Brown sarson Eastern Afghanistan and North – west India B. campestris var. yellow sarson Yellow sarson North – west India, grown largely in Eastern India Brassica napus ( gobhi sarson) European rapeseed Mediterranean region B. nigra Black mustard Eurasia Eruca sativa Taramira South Europe / North Africa

7. RAPESEED MUSTARD SCENARIO IN INDIA Indian mustard ( Brassica juncea ) is predominantly cultivated in the states of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat. This crop takes 135-150 days to mature though some early varieties maturing in 110 days are also available. The cultivation of brown sarson (which once dominated the entire rapeseed-mustard growing region) is now shadowed by Indian mustard. Brown sarson is mainly cultivated in colder regions of the country particularly in Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. Yellow sarson is mainly grown in Assam, Bihar, North-eastern States, Orissa, eastern Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.

8. RAPESEED MUSTARD SCENARIO IN INDIA Toria (short duration crop) is cultivated in limited areas of eastern Uttar Pradesh and in Assam , Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal in the east mainly as winter crop. In Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Uttaranchal and western Uttar Pradesh, this crop is grown as a catch crop during September- December. Taramira is grown in the drier parts of Northwest India comprising the states of Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Gobhi sarson ( Brassica napus ) and karan rai ( Brassica carinata ) are the new emerging oilseed crops having limited area of cultivation. Gobhi sarson is a long duration crop (more than 155 days) confined to Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Haryana.

9. RAPESEED – MUSTARD: AREA AND DISTRIBUTION Can be cultivated in both tropical as well as temperate climates Globally this crop group is cultivated on an area of 35.52 million ha with the production of 71.45 million tonnes and average productivity of 20.10 q / ha. Majority of the countries grow rapeseed, whereas, India has largest area under mustard Largest area under this crop is in Canada (8.32 million ha) followed by China (7.30 million ha ), European Union (6.5 million ha ) and India (5.76 million ha ) Largest producer of this crop is European Union (24.59 million tonnes) followed by Canada (18.38 million tonnes ), China (14.3 million tonnes) and India (6.82 million tonnes ). Highest productivity is recorded in European Union (36.4 q / ha) followed by Canada (22.10 q / ha) and China (19.5 q / ha). Amongst large producers of this crop, India has the lowest productivity of 11.84 q / ha.

10. RAPESEED – MUSTARD: AREA AND DISTRIBUTION In India largest area and production is recorded from Rajasthan where this occupies an area of 25.49 lakh hectare and production of 32.69 lakh tonnes. Other major states where this crop group is cultivated include Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Gujarat. Highest productivity is recorded in Gujarat (16.11 q / ha) followed by Haryana (15.94 q / ha) and Rajasthan (12.82 q / ha). In Himachal Pradesh, it is cultivated on an area of 8590 ha with the total production of 5200 q and average productivity of 6.05 q / ha. Grown in almost all the districts of Himachal Pradesh as a rainfed crop. Directorate of rapeseed Mustard Research – Bharatpur Directorate of Oilseed Research - Hyderabad

11. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT Rapeseed and mustard are crops of tropical as well as temperate zones and require somewhat cool and dry weather for satisfactory growth. They require dry clear weather at the time of maturity. Its growth is most vigorous in temperatures between 10°C and 30°C with an optimum temperature of around 20°C . Seed oil formation is optimum at a temperature of 10°C to 15°C. The crop is very sensitive to high temperatures as well as for frost at the time of flowering. They grow well in areas receiving annual rainfall of 35-45 cm .

12. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT In areas having low rainfall, cultivation of sarson and taramira is preferred. In areas having medium and high rainfall, cultivation of raya and toria is preferred. Rainfall high humidity and cloudy weather at the time of flowering is not conducive for the crop . Crop does not tolerate water logging.

13. SOIL REQUIREMENT Brassicas can be grown on a variety of soils varying from sandy loam soils to clay loam soils but thrive best on light loam soils. Soils should have a good drainage. They can not tolerate water logging conditions, particularly at seedling and vegetative stages. Does not perform well on very heavy and heavy soils. Prefer neutral soil reaction (optimum pH of 6.0 – 7.5) but can withstand moderate salinity. Does not perform well in fallows due to high residual soil moisture. High water table is also undesirable.

14. VARIETIES Toria Sangam , Bhawani , Panchali , Agrani , Type-9, Suman , PT-303, PT-507, RAUTS-17, TL 15 Brown sarson Pusa Kalyani , BSH-1, KBS-3, KOS-1 Yellow sarson K-88, Binoy , Subinoy , Jhumka , Type-42, PS-66, YS-24 Mustard ( Rai or Raya ) Varuna , Durgamani , Prakash, Shehar , Seeta , Kranti , Vaibhav , Bhagirathi, Vardan , Rahini Taramira T 27, TMC-1 and TMLC-2 Gobhi sarson GSL-1, GSL-2, Sheetal-1, PGSH-51, Hyola 401 Karan rai DLSC-1, PC-5, Jayanti

15. VARIETIES RECOMMENDED FOR HP Crop Varieties Brown Sarson KBS -3, BSH – 1, HPBS -1 Raya RCC- 4 Karan rai (Ethiopian Mustard) Jayanti Toria Bhawani , DK - 1 Gobhi Sarson Neelam (HPN – 3), Sheetal (HPN 1), ONK -1, Hyola 401

16. CROPPING SYSTEMS Maize – Mustard Rice – Mustard Maize – Toria – Wheat Pearl millet – Mustard Soyabean – Mustard Sesame – Mustard Fallow – Mustard Maize – Toria – Potato Rice – Toria - Moong

17. INTERCROPPING WHEAT + MUSTARD GRAM + MUSTARD BARLEY – MUSTARD

18. FIELD PREPARATION Rapeseed and mustard are small seeded crops, hence a fine seed bed is required to ensure good germination. When grown as mixed crop, the field is prepared with view to meet the requirement of main crop for pure crop. For pure crop, the fields should be well prepared by 4-6 ploughings followed by planking after each ploughing . The land should be made free from weeds and stubbles of previous crops. All the clods should be broken and land should be made pulverized, loose & friable .

19. TIME OF SOWING Time of sowing plays an important role on the yield of these crops . Since the rate of development of oil in seed is greatly influenced by the variations in atmospheric temperature, humidity and other biotic factors, sowing either too early or too late have been reported to be harmful. Delay in planting also reduces the yield on account of its depressing effect on the plant growth, duration of flowering, seed formation and seed size . Therefore, for getting good yields timely showing is must.

20. TIME OF SOWING Optimum time for each species is different in different states though generalized sowing times are Mustard Mid October to Mid November, Mid September to early October (Rajasthan) Toria Early September to End of September August end to Early September (Rajasthan) Brown Sarson Mid September to Early October Yellow Sarson Mid October to Mid November (Eastern states) Mid September (Rajasthan) Gobhi sarson Mid October to End October

21. SEED RATE Spacing has no absolute value in cultivation of rape and mustard as it fluctuates a great deal with the growth habit of variety, date of sowing, manuring and irrigation practices. Generally toria is planted in rows 30 cm apart while sarson, rai and gobhi sarson are sown in rows 45 cm apart. Thinning is done three weeks after sowing to maintain a plant to plant distance of 10-15 cm. Seed rate recommended for toria is 10 – 15 kg / ha. Seed rate for all other brassica crops is 5 - 6 kg / ha. When sown mixed 1.5 - 2.0 kg seed / ha is sufficient. Seed should be sown at a depth of 2.5 cm - 4.0 cm in case of pure crop. Optimum plant population is about 100 plants / m 2 .

22. METHOD OF SEEDING Usually broadcast followed by planking Drilling in rows is always better Of late sowing is being done with seed drills Before sowing, seed should be soaked in water to ensure good germination and early seedling vigour Thinning should be done within three weeks of seeding

23. FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT If available apply 15-20 t/ha of well rotten FYM or compost . For good harvest apply 60-90 kg N, 60 kg P 2 O 5 and 40 kg K 2 O /ha. Split application of N has been found very useful for rapeseed and mustard crop. Under irrigated conditions half of N and full lose of P and K should be applied as basal dose at the time of sowing by placement method . The remaining half of N should be applied at the time of first irrigation. If crop is rainfed use only half of dose of recommended nutrients. These crops require sulphur, hence N should be applied through ammonium sulphate and P from SSP . If sulphur is to be added, it should be applied at 20 kg / ha.

24. WATER MANAGEMENT These crops are grown mainly as rainfed crops though yields are significantly higher under irrigated conditions. In India about 60 % of area under these crops is under irrigation. Toria is taken as rainfed crop and utilizes residual monsoon moisture. Taramira is exclusively grown under rainfed conditions. Flowering and pod formation are the stages which are most sensitive to water stress. Hence irrigations should be applied at these two stages.

25. WEED MANAGEMENT Weeds cause approximately 20-30% reduction in yield All the rabi season weeds are found in this crop One manual weeding with in three or four weeks of seeding is enough PPI application of Fluchloralin (0.5 – 0.75 kg / ha) Pre – emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 1.0 -1.5 kg / ha Post – emergence application of Isoproturon @ 0.75 kg / ha

26. DISEASES AND INSECT PESTS Diseases: Alternaria blight Downey mildew While rust White blister Phyllody Insects : Mustard aphids Mustard sawfly, Leaf miner Painted bug Cabbage butterfly Hairy caterpillar

27. HARVESTING Crop is harvested as soon as the pods turn yellowish brown Dried on threshing floor for five – six days Threshing done through sticks, bullocks or tractors Seeds dried to a moisture of about 8 %