Project I civil engineering for engineering student

What Are the Characteristics of a Project?
There are certain features or characteristics that are unique to projects and differentiate them from the daily operations or other types of activities of an organization. Here are the main characteristics of a project.

1. Any Project Needs a Project Manager and a Project Team
One of the most important characteristics of a project is that it’s a team effort. While the structure of project teams might change from one organization to another, projects usually involve a project manager and a team of individuals with the necessary skills to execute the tasks that are needed.

2. Every Project Needs a Project Plan
Project team members need clear directions from the project manager and other project leaders so that they can execute the work that’s expected from them. These directions come in the form of a project plan. However, a project plan is more than just a set of instructions for the project team. It’s a comprehensive document that describes every aspect of a project, such as the project goals, project schedule and project budget among other important details.





3. All Projects Go Through the Same Project Lifecycle
The project life cycle refers to the five phases all projects must progress through, from start to finish. The five phases of a project lifecycle serve as the most basic outline that gives a project definition. These five phases are initiation, planning, execution, monitoring and closure.

4. All Projects Share the Same Project Constraints
All projects no matter their size or complexity are subject to three main constraints: time, scope and cost. This simply means that projects must be completed within a defined timeline, achieve a defined set of tasks and goals and be delivered under a certain budget.

These project constraints are known as the triple constraint or the project management triangle and are one of the most important project features to know about.

5. Every Project Needs Resources
A resource is anything necessary to complete a project, such as for example, labor, raw materials, machinery and equipment. For example, in construction, raw materials such as wood, glass or paint are essential project resources. That said, other resources — like time, labor and equipment — are just as important.

A project manager must be able to identify all of the project resources in order to create a resource plan and manage the resources accordingly. When resources are left unaccounted for, it is easy to mismanage them.
What Are the Characteristics of a Project?
There are certain features or characteristics that are unique to projects and differentiate them from the daily operations or other types of activities of an organization. Here are the main characteristics of a project.

1. Any Project Needs a Project Manager and a Project Team
One of the most important characteristics of a project is that it’s a team effort. While the structure of project teams might change from one organization

1. A PROJECT PROPOSAL ON Study about the Road Components A Project Report-I submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of Pokhara University for the degree of the Bachelor of Civil And Rural Engineering Supervisor: Dr. Madhav Prasad Koirala Pokhara University   Prepared By: Kushal Adhikari Prabin Yadav Jeevendra Jha Khemraj Kunwar Samir Sunar Laxmi Prasad Sharma School of Engineering Pokhara University, Pokhara Metropolitan City-30, Kaski   JUNE,2024

2. Table Of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 2 OBJECTIVE 3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 4 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 METHODOLOGY 6 SIGNIFICANCE OF ROAD COMPONENTS 7 LIMITATION OF ROAD COMPONENTS 8 CONCLUSION 9 WORK SCHEDULE 10 REFERENCES

3. Page | 1 1 . INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Roads are primary means of transportation. These provide human access to different places. Road components refer to the various elements that make up a road infrastructure. These components are designed and constructed to ensure safe and efficient transportation of vehicles and pedestrians

4. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Risky zone cannot be determined easily . There may not proper use of curbs in suitable areas . There may be unsystematic transportation management . Shoulder may not be distinct.

5. 1.3 Study Area We have choosen Talchowk – Begnas Buspark Section highway lies on Pokhara metropolitan city ward no-27 Stretching from Talchowk to Begnas lake .It is approximately 3.3 km in length. We have studied about the road components of the road. The latitude and longitude of the starting area are 28’16’08’’ and 83’58’6’’ Starting point:Zero Final point:Bindabashini

6. 1.4 OBJECTIVE To study the component of road section. To study whether it is constructed under NRRS.

7. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Every engineering design and construction is the outcome of past experience and observations. It is necessary to justify the result of the analysis properly with reference to the pre-existing standardresults . The design and construction should follow the provision made in codes of practices. For thestudy , certain references are taken from the Nepal road standard-2070.It can apply to all the strategic roads being constructed within Nepal with the objectives of achieving consistency in road design. Nepal road standard is being revised on regular basis as per time, traffic increase and safety purposes.

8. Page | 1 Basic roads components are: Carriage way. Curbs. Medians. Camber or Cross of slope. Shoulder Parking lanes Footpath Right of way As per Nepal Road Standard 2070

9. Page | 3 1. Cross Slope or Camber Cross Slope or camber is the slope that is provided in the transverse direction of the pavement or carriageway. The cross slope helps to drain off the rainwater from the road surface. The value of the slope is dependent on the type of materials used for road construction and the amount of rainfall in the region. Generally, the value of cross slope varies from 1 in 60 to 1 in 25 .

10. 2. Carriageway or Pavement The paved portion of the highway or the road over which the traffic is meant to move is called the pavement or the carriageway. The pavement width is dependent on the width of the traffic lanes and the number of lanes planned for construction. Traffic lane is defined as the carriageway or the pavement that is designed for the movement of one line of traffic. Generally, for single lanes with a maximum width of 2.44m, the width of the lane is desirable to have 3.75m. For the pavements designed to have two or more than two lanes, the width is supposed to be 3.5m . 3. Medians Medians are traffic separators whose main function is to prevent the collision of the vehicles that are moving in the opposite direction on the adjacent lanes.

11. Page | 4 Curbs The boundary between the pavement and the shoulder is called as curbs. Curbs are desirable to be constructed for urban roads. Road Margins Road margin includes: Shoulders Bus Bays Parking lanes Sidewalks or footpaths Shoulders: These are provided along the road edge as shown in the figure-1 above. This area serves the purpose of accommodating vehicles that are compelled to be taken out of the pavement or the roadway. These also act as a service lane for the vehicles that have broken down.

12. Bus Bays: Bus bays are constructed by recessing the curb. Hence, there is no conflict with the moving traffic. Parking Lanes: Parking lanes are provided for urban road construction hence allowing for curb parking. Footpaths or Sidewalks: When the vehicular and pedestrian traffic is heavy, the special area is allotted for the movement of pedestrians. The area is called footpaths or sidewalks. This is provided to protect the pedestrian thus decreasing accidents. 6. Width of Roadway The width of roadway or the width of formation is equal to the sum of the width of pavement (including the separators if any) and the shoulders. 7. Right of Way The area of the land that acquired for the road along its alignment is termed as the right of way. Land width is defined as the width of this acquired land. The right of way is dependent on the importance of the road and the possibility of future development. (allabouteng, 2020)

13. Page | 1 S No Road Component Design Standard Remarks 1 Curbs 10-20cm On both side 2 Right of way Highway-50m Feeder roads-30m District roads-20m 25/12/10 row on either side from the road centerline 3. Camber percentage Minimu m - 2.5% Maximum-5% 4 Shoulder Minimum-0.75m M a ximu m - 3.75m More than 3.75 is not desirable due to tendency of vehicles misusing it as a carriageway. On both sides. 5 Medians Minimum-1.2m 6 Carriageway Single lane-3.75m Multi lane-3.5m, 7 Parking lanes Minimum-2 5m Maximum-3m 8 Footpath 1.5m On both sides. Clear of trees, poles, and other obstruction. Geometric parameters

14. 5 METHODOLOGY To make our project successful and for effective data collection necessary data mainly following methods will be used according to the phase and plan of the project. They are: .

15. Description At first, our group of five members was formed.Then we organized a meeting with Dr.Madhav Prasad Koirala sir who is our advisor and source of motivation for this project . From the topics given, we selected our project topic as “Road Components”. We selected of a road whose origin was “ Talchowk ” and destination was “ Begnas Bus park”. Then we, we went for site visit.Primary data of the road was collected by various methods (Like surveying and questionnaire ). Secondary data was collected from internet, article, newspapers etc. And final report was prepared with the discussion and couple of meetings with our members and consent of our advisor.

16. Page | 6 SIGNIFICANCE OF ROAD COMPONENTS The main aim of the project as mention above is to give the information about road components. It provides knowledge about the different type of things used in road which could be applicable in different field. Uses of Road Components They play the vital role in the road. with the help of these component's vehicles are running without any accidents and effectively medians barriers physically separate opposing traffic streams and help stop vehicle travelling into opposite traffic lanes . Curbs reinforce the pavement that is being laid down as a load surface being Camber upgrade settlement and pavement. Footpaths reduces crash alike risk by separating vehicles and pedestrians Right of the way rules together with courtesy and common-sense help to promote traffic safety. Vehicles often come into conflict with other vehicle and pedestrians because their intended course of travel intersect and this interface with each other’s rules. So Right of the way solve these minor issues.

17. Page | 6 LIMITATION OF ROAD COMPONENTS This study has been prepared based on observations, and the primary data available during observation period. The following are the limitations of the study: Six weeks of time allocated by Pokhara University for the project submission program was not sufficient to learn all the procedures and practices. High expenses Unavailability of resources This study may not be applicable as per Nepal Road Standard data. This study takes into consideration only about general components and does not include the minor details about each, and every component included in road components.

18. Page | 7 8 EXPECTED OUTCOMES T he implementation of the road component could lead to the creation of new road or improvement of an existing one.This would enhance the overall transportation infrastructure in the area, providing better connectivity and accessibility for businesses and residents. The road component will connect previously isolated areas,enables better excess to various regions. These improvements will help driver understand the road layout, follow traffic rules and reducing the risk of accidents. Clear and visible signs will provide helpful directions and information, reducing confusion and ensuring smoother journeys Adquate drainage will prevents water from seeping into the pavement layers, reducing the risk of damage due to erosion.

19. 10 REFERENCES allabouteng. (2020, Jan 15). components-of-road-structure . Retrieved from allabouteng.com: https://allabouteng.com/components-of-road-structure/ theconstructor. (2020, Aug 8). theconstructor . Retrieved from transportation/what- components-highways: https://theconstructor.org/transportation/what- components-highways/35489/? amp=1 NRRS 2071

20. Thank you :)