Project Management D Y Patil at 10 am.pptx

About the subject project management

1. PROJECT MANAGEMENT

2. 2 Introduction Export

3. Types of National/International Projects Foreign market entry options include Exporting Foreign direct investment Joint ventures Franchising Licensing Supplier Selection for part development Third Party production Third party Logistics Dealership selection & operation .

4. The four project parameters: time, cost, quantity and quality Auto Transmission In Auto industry Metro in Pune Hyundai RND & Technical training Centre at Hyd ,Telangana 2006 Started in 1996,

5. The 4 Phases of the Project Management Life Cycle Initiation Planning Execution Closure Undertaking a  feasibility study : Identify the primary problem your project will solve and whether your project will deliver a solution to that problem Identifying scope : Define the depth and breadth of the project Identifying deliverables: Define the product or service to provide Identifying project stakeholders : Figure out whom the project affects and what their needs may be Developing a business case: Use the above criteria to compare the potential costs and benefits for the project to determine if it moves forward Initiation

6. 2. Planning Once the project is approved to move forward based on your business case, statement of work, or project initiation document, you move into the planning phase. Project management steps for the planning phase Steps for the project planning phase may include the following: Creating a  project plan : Identify the project timeline, including the phases of the project, the tasks to be performed, and possible constraints Creating workflow diagrams Estimating budget  and creating a financial plan: Use cost estimates to determine how much to spend on the project to get the maximum return on investment Gathering resources: Build your functional team from internal and external talent pools while making sure everyone has the necessary tools (software, hardware, etc.) to complete their tasks Anticipating risks  and potential quality roadblocks: Identify issues that may cause your project to stall while planning to mitigate those risks and maintain the project’s quality and timeline Holding a  project kickoff meeting : Bring your team on board and outline the project so they can quickly get to work

7. 3. Execution You’ve received business approval, developed a plan, and built your team. Now it’s time to get to work. The execution phase turns your plan into action. The project manager’s job in this phase of the project management life cycle is to keep work on track, organize team members, manage timelines, and make sure the work is done according to the original plan. Steps for the project execution phase may include the following: Creating tasks and organizing workflows: Assign granular aspects of the projects to the appropriate team members, making sure team members are not overworked Briefing team members on tasks: Explain tasks to team members, providing necessary guidance on how they should be completed, and organizing process-related training if necessary Communicating with team members, clients, and upper management: Provide updates to  project stakeholders  at all levels Monitoring quality of work: Ensure that team members are meeting their time and quality goals for tasks Managing budget: Monitor spending and keeping the project on track in terms of assets and resources If you have a properly documented process already in place, executing the project will be much easier. Depending on the  project management methodology  you follow, there are many visual tools that you can apply to see which deliverables have been completed ensure that your project remains on track. Use our  project tracking templates  to help organize your project management. Click the Kanban board and  Gantt chart  templates below to learn more.

8. 4. Closure Once your team has completed work on a project, you enter the closure phase. In the closure phase, you provide final deliverables, release project resources, and determine the success of the project. Just because the major project work is over, that doesn’t mean the project manager’s job is done—there are still important things to do, including evaluating what did and did not work with the project. Steps for the project closure phase may include the following: Analyzing project performance: Determine whether the project's goals were met (tasks completed, on time and on budget) and the initial problem solved using a prepared checklist. Analyzing team performance: Evaluate how team members performed, including whether they met their goals along with timeliness and quality of work Documenting project closure: Make sure that all aspects of the project are completed with no loose ends remaining and providing reports to key stakeholders Conducting post-implementation reviews: Conduct a final analysis of the project, taking into account lessons learned for similar projects in the future Accounting for used and unused budget: Allocate remaining resources for future projects

9. RACI Matrix A responsibility assignment matrix, also known as RACI matrix or linear responsibility chart, describes the participation by various roles in completing tasks or deliverables for a project or business process. MIT WPU Inter College Debate Competition

10. Gantt charts  help teams to plan work around deadlines and properly allocate resources . Project planners also use Gantt charts to maintain a bird's eye view of projects. They depict, among other things, the relationship between the start and end dates of tasks, milestones, and dependent tasks. GANTT Charts How to build a basic gantt chart in minutes Step 1: Set up your project details. ... Step 2: Add tasks to your project. ... Step 3: Schedule your tasks. ... Step 4: Add important project milestones. ... Step 5: Add dependencies to the tasks that need them. ... Step 6: Invite people to your project and assign tasks to those responsible. A Gantt chart is  a timeline of a project .

11. Understand Key points to consider for an export and an import in CRM 1)Your quote for export should be very clear in Euros/Dollars mentioning in note value of currency date and time. Must take care of conversion amount (2-3 rupees less from actual value of currency) Example- Consignment Value- 10,00000 INR, Euro- 98 INR - 1000000/98= 10204 Euro Bank conversion charges INR 2 per Euro (Total loss to Supplier -10204*2=20408 INR) Euro value in costing to be consider- 96 -New value- 1000000/96=10416 Additional Euros received from Client 416-204=212*98=20776 (Loss nullified) Note:- Euro value on date-? Time-? To be declared while quote This is base for both Client and Supplier 2)Quote will be as per Incoterm. Suppose Ex works---- Cost of packaging of export worthy is included in quote 3)Pallet size/ Wooden boxes calculation as per product size 4)All documentations as per next slide 5)Third party inspection/ Inspection by importer

12. 6)All inspection reports (Example- Engine Assembly is made of 40 parts. Test report of Engine, Reports of all individual parts as per laid down specification) 7)Container stuffing calculation if load is sufficient either with 40 feet (Inner Dimensions-39.3*7.6*7.6 feet) or 20 feet (Inner Dimensions- 19.38*7.6*7.6 feet) (26 to 27 tons depending on volume of product) 8)Export marking and wood fumigation and certificate of fumigation.(Arrow for UP, Umbrella to keep dry and glass for fragile indication) 9)Lashing & Choking ( Lashing means securing pkgs by nylon belt and chocking means restrict boxes movement in the container by wooden blocks) 10) Apart from your Import-Export Licence (Issued by DGFT-Director General of foreign Trade), Registration is required to be done on Custom portal for sea and air separately.

13. Port Operation 1)Management and handling of Vessels– Navigation, maneuvering within Port, Berthing and Unberthing of Vessels and anchorage of Vessels 2)Cargo—Loading and unloading of cargo from Vessels, Cargo storage and Customs and immigration clearance 3)Passengers– Handling of passengers including Embarkation and disembarkation, passengers safety and security

14. What is Bonded Warehouse Customs bonded warehouse is a secure place to export and import goods. The importer has to pay duties only when the goods are removed from the storage. The Importer and Warehouse owner sign a bonded agreement. Most of bonded warehouse are owned by Gov. (Custom House). Many privately owned warehouse get certificate from Custom Office. Entrepreneurs explore export-import market while goods are in bonded warehouse. What is Non-Bonded Warehouse This warehouse is a place where duty is already paid. These warehouses are supervised by Port authority rather than Custom Authority. Importers use non-bonded warehouse over bonded warehouse to explore goods in local market rather than Re- export.

15. Why CAROTAR was initiated by Govt. 1)Authenticity of Preferential certificate 2)Authenticity of all reports 3)Stopping China products flooding in India 4)Random checking of consignment

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19. 34 Introduction Chase demand strategy can be defined as a strategy where the changes are made to the output according to the demand. ... It involves matching the demand by hiring or firing the workers or by controlling the level of production and using inventories to control the changes in the demand level The use of a level strategy means that a company will produce at a constant rate regardless of the demand level. In companies that produce to stock, this means that finished goods inventory levels will grow during low demand periods and decrease during high demand periods

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23. Subject Name Course Name - Sem (Faculty Name) UNIT No & Unit Name TATA-FIAT Warehouse Fire Accident at Vadgaon Maval at Pune in 2011 *Agreement with Safexpress for 5 years. Rent per month was 20 Lakhs with amortized value of assets for 5 years with security amount of 2.4 Cr ( One year rent value) *Area 75000 Sq feet *15000 Unique parts (Parts are controlled by part numbers) *10,00000 # Quantity (A-500, B-1000, C-2000, D-200 --- # Quantity is 3700) *Inventory value 40 Cr *Scope of Safexpress *Office area- 30 stations, Pantry, Heavy Duty, Mezzanine racking, Warehouse Machines, Server room ,D G Set, Fire Hydrant system , Smoke Detectors etc. (Total investment- 1.3 Cr) * Safexpress investment was not insured *TATA-FIAT 40 Cr parts were insured

24. Subject Name Course Name - Sem (Faculty Name) UNIT No & Unit Name *Everything gone in fire accident from around 10 pm to overnight after 2 years *TATA-FIAT Management received 40 Cr in 3 installment (Within one week 10Cr and remaining 30 Cr in one month time * Safeexpress did get nothing as assets were not insured *TATA-FIAT Management got benefit for even those parts value which were obsolete and non moving for last 2 years (Around 80 Lacks) *Insurance Company given contract to one Pvt agency to clear all scrap. 50 Trucks were involved to clear all scrap *The agency took 8 days to clear the site so that Safexpress can repair the site again. *Claim by Safexpress to TATA-FIAT to pay 1.3 Cr for assets loss to be adjusted from security amount. *TATA-FIAT Management refused to pay

25. Subject Name Course Name - Sem (Faculty Name) UNIT No & Unit Name *A circular from TATA-FIAT management was circulated to all Dealers across country due to unfortunate fire accident. Supply will be resumed within 15 days *New temporary warehouse was created within Factory premises after taking permission by Excise Deptt . warehouse entry and exit should be separate from Factory being trading activity. Parallelly new Warehouse search started *Urgent parts dispatch for customers were taken care by gate pass method. *First invoice was started in 15 days but gradually business increased. *There was a case between Safexpress and TATA-FIAT * Safexpress lost the case and returned total security amount of 2.4 Cr.

26. Requirement of 100000 Sq feet Sr.No   Scale Rating Remarks 1 Area of Premises 10 9  90000 sq feet  2 Location of premises 10  8   3 Distance from Police station 10  9   4 Distance from Fire station 10 9    5 Distance from Railway station 10 6    6 Distance from Hospital station 10 5    7 Distance from Hotel station 10 8    8 Distance from Mumbai Airport 10 7    9 Availability of skilled manpower 10 9    10 Distance from suppliers 10 9      Total 100 79   

27. DESIGNING OF WAREHOUSE-100000 SQ FEET ■LAYOUTING OF OFFICE,RECEIVING AREA,OUTBOUND AREA,STORAGE AREA ■RACKING SYSTEM HEAVY DUTY RACKING MULTITIER RACKING FLEXI RACKING LOCKABLE AREA FOR HIGH VALUE ITEMS, SEPARATE AREA FOR DANGEROUS GOODS & OILS (Air bags for Automobiles, Poisanic goods or health hazard goods) ■MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS FORK LIFT REACH TRUCK MOTORISED PALLET MANUAL PALLET

28. INBOUND AREA ■PRE PACKING AREA PRE PACKING CONVEYOR WITH WEIGHING MACHINE SYSTEM ENTRY OUTBOUND AREA ■ PACKING AREA FINAL PACKING CONVEYOR WITH WEIGHING MACHINE,STRAPPIG MACHINE FINAL INVOICING SYSTEM ■POWER BACK SYSTEM ■HYDRANT SYSTEM ■FIRE EXTINGUISHERS ■SMOKE DETECTORS ■CCTV Camera ■Emergency Exit Doors

29. ■MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT CHARGING AREA CHARGING STATION MAINTENANCE AREA MANDETORY DOCUMENTS & EVACUATION AREA ■ WIGHT & MEASURE CERTIFICATE ■POLUTION CERTIFICATE ■FACTORY LICENSE ■FIRE SYSTEM CERTIFICATE

30. HEAVY DUTY RACKING---Goes Upto 7th or 8th Level Size as per requirement-- Module Size --3300 mm*1400 mm*1200 mm

31. Truck Axle Size-2000 mm*2000 mm A part may be having multi locations due to bulky size and high movement High movement parts are placed at lower levels

32. Heavy Duty Racking Gangway Width for Fork Lift Movement Gangway width --3.5 to 4 meter

33. Heavy Duty Racking Gangway Width for Fork Lift Movement

34. Wooden & Metallic Pallet Use of Pallets- 1)All unloading material 2)Transfer of material within Warehouse Floor- Hard for smooth movement of Fork Lift

35. MULTITIER RACKING

36. BINS FOR MULTITIER RACKING-Different Sizes

37. LOCKING SYSTEM FOR HIGH VALUE ITEMS Bearings ECUs Accessories Merchandise Register Authorised person In and Out entry

38. FLEXI RACKING Size- Various sizes as per Warehouse need. Can be stacked upto 7 or 8 levels. Location Address as shown Location Adress

39. FLEXI RACKING FOLDING TYPE OIL DRUMS & ALLOY WHEELS Lower Arm

40. FORK LIFT-Height Max 5 meters REACH TRUCK- Height upto 10 Meters Suppliers- Maine,Godrej,Yale,Jungheinrich Battery Operated

41. MOTORISED PALLET HAND PALLET For movement of material within warehouse

42. DOCKING SYSTEM Receiving Dispatch

43. WAREHOUSE PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM

44. INBOUND SERVICE LEVEL For Factory parts --24 hours from unloading to put away with packing and sysytem entry If no of parts are 50, 47 are done in time, service level --47/50=94% For local parts from local supplier--- same calculation For Import parts -- Air consignment -- rule is same as local being small shipment Sea Consignment (Container) -- 48 hours from umloading to put away after packing Service level target -- 98%

45. OUTBOUND SERVICE LEVEL Urgent Orders -- 24 hours -- picking,packing, invoicing,Dispatch. Dispatch system entry is done next day Material dispatched by air. Service level target -- 100% Dearler get 10% discount Stock order (Being big order) -- 48 hours , Material dispatch by road. Either milk run system, or Full vehicle load which ever is economical. Dispatch entry is done next day. Service level target -- 96% Dealer get 18% discount

46. SERVICE LEVEL TRANSPORT COMPANY By Road service level-- Blue Dart , TCI, Safe Express, Service level target -- 96% (Pick up date not counted, any official hurdle not counted) By air service level -- Blue dart, TCI, Safe Express Service level target -- 99% (Pick up date not counted, any official hurdle not counted) There is a clause of penalty if delay in dispatch. Billing is done with weight or volume which ever is high.

47. SERVICE LEVEL SUPPLIERS Criteria ■Intime delivery ■Quality of parts ■Packing Condition ■Habbit of shortages ■Response time ■Communication before delivery

48. BUSINESS EXECUTION SERVICE LEVEL Criteria Outbound ■100% Urgent lines, Lines means --1st part 10 nos,2nd part 1 no,3rd part 200 etc ■Stock order lines ■Total lines-1500 (As per agreement in 8 hours) ■From picking to dispatch ■With audit ■1% error allowed for wrong dispatch

49. PACKAGIG MATERIAL ■ POLYBAGS ■INDIVIDUAL CARTO BX ■MASTER CARTON BOX ■PACKING TAPE ■STRAPPING ROLL ■WOOD

50. BUSINESS EXECUTION SERVICE LEVEL Criteria Inbound ■All Trucks to be cleared before close of the day except Containers ■Prepacking 100% parts ■Total lines-200 (As per agreement in 8 hours) ■From prepacking to put away as per local and Import norms ■With audit ■With system entry

51. MRP LABEL

52. OUTBOUND DOCUMENTS ■MRP LABEL ■DELIVERY NOTE ■INVOICE (3 Copies -- one for company,one for Transporter, one for customer) ■Packing List Invoice is a bill of a sale transaction showing the amount to be paid by the buyer. Delivery note is a note sent by the seller to the buyer informing about the despatch and delivery of goods. It also contains Courier details. Number of boxes etc.

53. INNVENTORY PROCESS ■ DAILY INVENTORY---ABC analysis basis-- 200 to 250 parts (No business stoppage) ■MONTHLY SUM UP --on the basis of daily inventory (No businees stoppage) ■ANNUAL INVENNTORY Business stoppage for 1 week No pending material at ibound as per system No pending material at outbound as per system Scrap material list Any waiting material at inbound to be Quarantine and marked Tags are gennerated through system for all parts Inventory sheets does not dispaly system quantity Auditors are ivited to cross check the system and accuracy Inventory is declared complete once approved by Auditors

54. SOME TECHNICAL TERMS RELATED TO WAREHOUSE ■BACK ORDER ■FIRST SERVICE LEVEL ■SAFETY STOCK ■INVENTORY TERNS-- annual basis ■MOQ ■DEAD INVENTORY ■SALES SCHEMES ■INCENTIVE SCHEME FOR DEALERS

55. Assignment -3 (Time & Motion Study) Amazon India – Warehouse Size 200,000 Sq feet (Mumbai ) OPERATOR-1 OPERATOR-2 OPERATOR-3 An order of 50 Items of TCS Picking Time-30 mins Picking Time-52 mins Picking Time-32 mins Time & Motion study of Operator-2 Write various factors of study

56. Spare Parts incentive scheme project is launched By Hyundai for Dealers. 900000 1200000 1500000 2100000

57. Subject Name Course Name - Sem (Faculty Name) UNIT No & Unit Name CRM DATA OF MAHINDRA CAR PARK GIVEN BELOW. THIS IS TRAINGULAR AGREEMENT BETWEEN COMPANY , DEALER AND CUSTOMER A project of Workshop revenue is planned for understanding 2027

58. Subject Name- World Class Manufacturing Practices Course Name - Sem (Ajay Bhatnagar) UNIT No & Unit Name

59. Subject Name- World Class Manufacturing Practices Course Name - Sem (Ajay Bhatnagar) UNIT No & Unit Name Accidental--833*2000=1666000

60. Subject Name- World Class Manufacturing Practices Course Name - Sem (Ajay Bhatnagar) UNIT No & Unit Name +1666000 +1666000 = 196147000

61. Course Name - Sem (Ajay Bhatnagar) UNIT No & Unit Name ● Dealer Management System ●Warranty Process ●Dealer Buyback system Subject Name- Contract & Claim Management

62. Course Name - Sem (Ajay Bhatnagar) UNIT No & Unit Name Subject Name- Contract & Claim Management

63. Course Name - Sem (Faculty Name) UNIT No & Unit Name Subject Name- Contract & Claim Management

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65. Subject Name Course Name - Sem (Faculty Name) UNIT No & Unit Name CHRYSLER AUTO Warehouse shifting from one location to other location in Pune Distance between two location 10 Kms *Warehouse Area-200,000 Sq. Feet *25000 Unique parts *2500000 # Quantity *Inventory Value 100 Cr Task was given to third party on contract *Time line 1 month *Penalty Claus per day after one month *Activities involved---

66. Subject Name Course Name - Sem (Faculty Name) UNIT No & Unit Name 1)Individual Parts counting & Packing in boxes or Bins and sealed 2)Invoice of parts since you are taking out the parts from Warehouse 3)Loading on Truck 4)Shifting to new location 5)Unloading of parts 6)Dismantling of Racking in existing Warehouse and installation in new Warehouse 7)Placement of parts in right location 8)There are parallel Warehouse (1 & 2) running simultaneously. From one Warehouse we are dispatching the parts and in other warehouse we are receiving.(Inventory value in system going accordingly)

67. Subject Name Course Name - Sem (Faculty Name) UNIT No & Unit Name Penalty Clauses in Agreement 1)Any Damage/ Missing of part or property during shifting will be adjusted in final payment 2)Penalty is per day basis incase delay from 1 month time 3)Working time is from 9 am to 6 pm. Any delay in start work will be penalized on hourly basis or operation to be extended accordingly. 4)A fix and skilled manpower is mandatory to report every day. Absenteeism is allowed only 5%.

68. Subject Name Course Name - Sem (Faculty Name) UNIT No & Unit Name Outcome of Project 1)Although Shifting done in one month, but during dismantling of Heavy Duty Racking , entire 7 modules of one rack were damaged on 10 th day. Amounting 8.6 Lacks 2)Some glass parts also found damage during unpacking at new location amounting 1.5 Lacks. 3)Some items (Merchandise) were sent from old location but missing in new location amounting 65000.

69. Subject Name Course Name - Sem (Faculty Name) UNIT No & Unit Name Installation of Paint Shop with specifications and data driven outcome-Say Car Paint Shop 1)Installation of Pre Treatment chamber 2)Installation of ED System 3)Installation of Ovens 4)Installation of Primer Booth 5)Installation of Paint Booth- Temp, Humidity, Air pressure, Oven Temp, Paint delivery through Robotic guns

70. Subject Name Course Name - Sem (Faculty Name) UNIT No & Unit Name Pretreatment-Dip type Pretreatment-Spray type

71. Subject Name Course Name - Sem (Faculty Name) UNIT No & Unit Name Electrodeposition System High Temp. Oven-150 to 180 Degree Centigrade

72. Subject Name Course Name - Sem (Faculty Name) UNIT No & Unit Name Robotic Paint Shop Booth

73. Subject Name Course Name - Sem (Faculty Name) UNIT No & Unit Name Installation of Sheet Meta Industry with Technical Specifications 1)CNC Laser machine parameter setting for Cutting speed, Temp, time of cutting for different thickness of steel 2)CNC Bending machine for bending pressure as per steel thickness and angle of bend so that it does not crack from bend line 3)CNS Shearing machine 4)CNC Punching machine for holes and slots 5)CNC Horizontal Boring & Vertical boring machines

74. Subject Name Course Name - Sem (Faculty Name) UNIT No & Unit Name CNC Laser Machine-CO2 based CNC Laser Machine-Fiber Base

75. Subject Name Course Name - Sem (Faculty Name) UNIT No & Unit Name CNC Bending Machine

76. Subject Name Course Name - Sem (Faculty Name) UNIT No & Unit Name

77. Subject Name Course Name - Sem (Faculty Name) UNIT No & Unit Name CNC Vertical Machine Center

78. Type of Project Life Cycle A project can have one of the following life cycles: Predictive Life Cycle Adaptive Life Cycle Iterative Life Cycle Incremental Life Cycle Hybrid Life Cycle

79. This is the traditional form of project management where a project manager develops the complete project management plan at the beginning and then follows it until the project completes. Here, you plan the work and then work the plan. Since the scope of work is fixed, this cycle is known as the predictive life cycle. In this method, the chances of changes are low. However, if the change occurs, it costs a lot.

80. #3. Iterative Life Cycle The iterative and predictive life cycles are comparable. Here, the project management team creates the plan in advance and iterates it to account for adjustments.

81. #4. Incremental Life Cycle The incremental life cycle is similar to the adaptive life cycle. 

82. #5. Hybrid Life Cycle The hybrid life cycle is a hybrid of life cycles discussed in this post. It can be any combination of life cycles. A project manager is responsible for selecting the life cycle best suited for their project.

83. Different Types of Leadership 1. Democratic Leadership A democratic leader makes decisions based on their team’s opinion and feedback. In simpler words, they get everyone involved in the decision-making process. 2. Autocratic Leadership This is precisely the opposite of democratic leadership. The opinions of team members are not considered while making any business decision. Instead, leaders expect others to adhere to their decisions, which is not sustainable in the long run. 3. Laissez-faire Leadership- French word Laissez-faire means “let them do”. This leadership style is the least intrusive and ensures that the decision-making authority lies with the team members. This leadership style empowers team members and holds them accountable for their work. This motivates many team members to put their best foot forward, improving the organisation’s efficiency and productivity. 4. Strategic Leadership Strategic leadership is when leaders use their skills and capabilities to help team members and organisation achieve their long-term goals. Strategic leaders strive to get the best out of people or situations.

84. 5. Transformational Leadership Transformational leaders inspire others to achieve the unexpected. They aim to transform and improve team members’ and organisations’ functions and capabilities by motivating and encouraging them. TVS group 6. Transactional Leadership This type of leadership is task-oriented, which means team members who meet the leader’s expectations will be rewarded, and others will be punished. It is a prevalent leadership style based on the action-and-reward concept. 7. Coach-Style Leadership This leadership style focuses on identifying and nurturing a team member’s strengths and weaknesses. A coaching leader develops strategies that emphasise team members’ success. Though this is similar to strategic and democratic leadership styles, the focus here is more on the individual. 8. Bureaucratic Leadership This kind of leadership style sticks to the rules. For example, they might listen to their team members’ opinions while deciding. Government Department Manager. A Police Department.

85. Pareto Chart A Pareto Chart is a graph that  indicates the frequency of defects, as well as their cumulative impact . Pareto Charts are useful to find the defects to prioritize in order to observe the greatest overall improvement

86. The Cause and Effect Diagram A cause-effect diagram is  a visual tool used to logically organize possible causes for a specific problem or effect by graphically displaying them in increasing detail , suggesting causal relationships among theories. ... The ideas generated during a brainstorming or affinity process are used to populate the diagram

87. Histogram The histogram is a popular graphing tool. It is  used to summarize discrete or continuous data that are measured on an interval scale . It is often used to illustrate the major features of the distribution of the data in a convenient form

88. Scatter Diagram Scatter plots' primary uses are  to observe and show relationships between two numeric variables . The dots in a scatter plot not only report the values of individual data points, but also patterns when the data are taken as a whole . ... A scatter plot can also be useful for identifying other patterns in data

89. Graphs