Projected aids

on projected audio visual aids

1. B.SC.DEGREE COURSE IN NURSING (IIYEAR ) COMMUNICATION AND EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY UNIT VII EDUCATIONAL MEDIA PROJECTED AND AUDIO AIDS R.ILAIYARANI , VICE-PRINCIPAL.

2. OBJECTIVES 1. to define Educational media and AV aids. 2. to understand the concepts of AV aids . 3. to list out the characteristics of projected AV aids. 4. . List the benefits of projected training aids . 5 . Identify the accurate statements about factors to consider when selecting projected visual training aids . 6.List the guidelines for using projected audio visual training aids. 7. Enumerate the classification of projected AV aids. 8. Identify accurate statements about ancillary equipment. 9.Operate projected audio visual equipment. 10. Identify facts about projected audio visual training aids .

3. ADVANTAGES OF PROJECTED AIDS Provides enjoyment in learning. Stimulate rapid learning. Increase retention. Complete attention. Enlarges/reduces actual size of object. Bring distant, past and present into classroom.

4. TYPES OF PROJECTED AIDS Visual aids 1.Slides 2. OHP 3. Films 4. Opaque projection Audio aids 1. Motion picture 2. Video 3. TV 4. Tele conferencing 5. Multi media 6. Computer

5. SLIDE AND FILM STRIP PROJECTION

6. SLIDE PROJECTER Small sized transparent pictorial/ diagrammatic slides arranged in a proper s equences for presentation on a large screen.

7. FILM STRIP the film strip is a series of sequenced slides on a piece of film covering a large portion of a lesson. 20 to 50 slides or frames are on about half meters to one and half meters long film strip

8. SLIDES Slide is a still transparency of 70mm, 35mm or 60mm size which is optically enlarged and projected on a screen as a real images .

9. TYPES OF SLIDES

10. ADVANTAGES OF SLIDE Assist lesson and development Facilitate teacher student participation Easy to make

11. DISADVANTAGES OF SLIDE Time consuming. Seen only with help of slide projector. Expensive materials needed for making .

12. SLIDE PROJECTOR [DIASCOPE] Used to project slides on a wall/screen. Help to magnified images. Coloured slides looks attractive.

13. Construction of slide projector Source of light( Projection lamp) Reflector(concave mirror) Condensing lens Slide carrier Objective lens

14. Advantages of slide projector Attract attention Arouse interest Variety of learning information Easy to transport Easy to revise , stored and rearranged Can be combined with taped narration or can be controlled for time during a discussion Used in a group or individual

15. Disadvantages of slide projector Not suitable for all educational material Transport slides cannot be put to excessive use Not to use for longer duration Preparation requires a lot of predevelopment work like collecting/ talking snapshots of pictures Requires imaginative and creative skill

16. Using common slide and film projectors Place the slide projector on a rigid and stable table. Place the screen at an appropriate place Insert the slide projector or film strip carrier in its place after opening the tube. Mount a slide or film strip on its carrier Insert the projector cord plug into the wall socket. Darken the room

17. Using common slide and film projectors Switch on the cooling fan first and then the projection bulb. Focus the image Show the slide and explain Insert the next slide Present the slides or frames sequentially switch off the bulb first then the cooling fan unplug the slide projector and store it back in its box.

18. PREPARATION OF SLIDE SHOW Collect all the available slides check them thoroughly Choose the slides Arrange the chosen slides in a proper sequence Darken the room Make proper seating arrangements for students start teaching interruption during the slide show will result in the loss of interest

19. CARE OF SLIDES AND FILM STRIPS They require care in handling and storage Store vertically in cardboard trays of right size Trays should be covered They should be catalogued subject wise Film strips can be placed in rolled up positions in Cylindrical container Container should be properly labelled

20. ADVANTAGES OF FILM STRIPS Economical E asy to make C onvenient to handle T akes up little Can be easily stored Provides logical sequence Can use AC/DC power, batteries, or rechargeable Batteries with solar panels .

21. STORAGE OF THE FILMSTRIP Store in containers away from heat, dust, moisture When winding up the filmstrip, hold onto the edges Do not pull to make it tighter as this can leave scratches on the film

22. CARE OF THE EQUIPMENT Don’t handle projector while the bulb is still hot as the bulb filament is fragile. Pack equipment carefully for safe transporting. Protect from the environment, dust, dirt, moisture

23. MICRO PROJECTOR

24. MICRO PROJECTOR S lide projectors designed to project the microfilm S lides or microscopic slides to a group of students simultaneously R educes the cost of instruction E nlargement on screen is quite big for students with teacher’s commentary, micro projector can ensure that students are understanding

25. OVER HEAD PROJECTOR (OHP)

26. OVER HEAD PROJECTOR An OHP is an important electronic teaching aid. This machine projects an image from a transparency It will be advisable to switch off the bulbs of OHP for 5 minutes after every 10 minutes of use.

27. PARTS OF OVER HEAD PROJECTOR

28. PURPOSES OF OHP To develop concepts and sequences in a subject matter area To make marginal notes on transparencies for the teachers use that and carry without exposing To test student performances while others classmates observe To show relationship by means of transparent overlays in contrasting colours To give the illusion of motion in the transparency

29. PREPARING TRANSPERENCIES

30. PREPARING A TRANSPARENCY prepared by writing on cellophane sheets with the help of an OHP pen Coloured pens Xeroxing from any printed material besides single transparency can be used on a roll

31. RULE OF 6 FOR PREPARING A TRANSPERENCY Six lines per transparency Six words per line Six mm smallest letter size Six cm (3+3 on each side) margin

32. SCREENS FOR PROJECTIONS Effective utilization of projection material necessitates careful selection of the screen. Types of screen are aluminium coated glass board flat white screen Screens should be mounted properly and at a proper angle

33. USING AN OHP Place the OHP on a stable table with the objective lens facing the screen behind the teacher . Put the cord plug into power wall socket. Switch on the blower first and then the bulb. Place transparency on the glass top.

34. USING AN OHP Move the objective lens and mirror assembly up and down to get the image in focus on the screen. Explain about the material on the transparency from behind OHP with a strong pointer. The handle of the teacher should not come on the slide. Make your points short and simple. Remove what is not needed.

35. ADVANTAGES OF OHP T eacher can face the class without any difficulty. The teacher can maintain eye contact and observe the reactions of students. Small objects can be shown on the machine simply by placing them on projection slide. The graphics and writings can be shown very clearly and colourfully. It does not need as darkened room as compared to other projectors

36. DO’S AND DON’TS WHILE USING THE OHP

37. DO’S Focus and position image before presentation Stand to the side of the screen Turn off projector when not in use Letters the larger the better Use colour to attract attention Put captions on top. Have images in to two-thirds of visual position image the top of the screen Use pen or ruler to point upper and lower case letters

38. DON’TS Walk or stand in front of the screen. Leave the projector on when you’ve talking about something Write closely on the whole of the transparency sheet Have images type-written or too small Use black and white visuals only Use finger to point Use only capital letter

39. OPAQUE PROJECTOR (EPIDIASCOPE) A device which displays opaque materials by shining a bright lamp onto the object A system of mirrors, prisms and/or imaging lenses is Used to focus an image of the material onto a viewing screen

40. OPAQUE PROJECTOR (EPIDIASCOPE) projectors require brighter bulbs larger lenses Care to be taken to prevent material damage Not very common

41. OPAQUE PROJECTOR (EPIDIASCOPE) T ypically used to project images of book pages, drawings , mineral specimens , leaves, etc. Artists enlargement tools P redecessor to the overhead projector

42. CARE OF EPIDIASCOPE H andled carefully P rotected from breakage A way from moisture K ept clean P referably kept in a cool room S witched off when not in use.

43. ADVANTAGES OF EPIDIASCOPE G raphic aids are projected with magnification tracing enlarged images N eed of clipping picture from book resources F lat specimen like coins, cloth pieces, leaves etc. can also be projected S een conveniently by a large number of students Teaching material of various sizes can be used L anguage reading lessons S tamp size to that of 20cmx250cm size pictures .

44. DISADVANTAGES OF EPIDIASCOPE Demands total darkness Bulky machine Electricity required Difficult maintenance

45. ROLE OF NURSE TEACHER Seating arrangement should be semi-circular Do not allow students to sit very close to the screen O ptical built in pointer to focus attention Every picture with commentary T esting purposes

46. LCD PANELS L argely superseded by data projector When connected to a computer will enable to Project computer generated image onto a display screen M odern equivalent of the slide projector or overhead projector

47. LCD PROJECTOR LCD liquid crystal display technology used to project images

48. Can be connected to…..

49. Types of LCD projector Based on size and portability, LCD projector classified as Ultra light portable projector Conference room projector Fixed installation projector

50. Guide lines for using LCD projector Read the LCD projector manual on its proper operation   Not all LCD projectors work the same and each have their own unique operating requirements. Make sure your computer can be properly interfaced with the LCD projector.

51. Guide lines for using LCD projector Practice setting the equipment up several times   Spend some time making sure you know how to properly set up the LCD projector with your computer and other computers. Set up the LCD projector in the actual presentation environment you will be using, if possible.

52. Guide lines for using LCD projector Set up well in advance   Allow yourself plenty of time to set up your computer and the LCD projector. Check any last minute details .

53. Guide lines for using LCD projector Check the LCD projector bulb life LCD projector bulbs do have limited life. Some bulbs have shorter lives than others. Check and make sure the bulb you will be using is not close to the end of its life.

54. Guide lines for using LCD projector Bring a spare bulb and cables!   Always carry spare bulbs with you and make sure you know how to properly change the bulb. Also, remember, "Hot" glass looks like "Cold" glass; be careful and bring a towel or glove to use when changing the bulb.

55. Guide lines for using LCD projector presentation colour combinations   Take some time to check out the actual presentation for the colour combinations you will be using. Some colours and colour combinations do not project well .

56. Guide lines for using LCD projector Check the font size you are using   Nothing is more frustrating to an audience than text that cannot be easily seen or read. Make sure you are using the proper text size for the distance you will be projecting your slides.

57. POWER POINT PRESENTATIONS A lternative to using OHP P roduction of interesting and visually attractive presentations Flexibility both in terms of content and display Graphics, drawings, tables and organizational charts K eep presentation simple and clear Effectively used to emphasize the main features of the topic.

58. GUIDELINES FOR POWERPOINT PRESENTATION Limit number of slides not more than 12 for a 10 minute presentation. Ensure text contrasts with the background A void patterned background . Comply with copyright law, when pictures , charts, tables or diagrams are used. Standardise position, colour and styles. Use on one or two animation or transition effects

59. 8 RULES FOR BETTER POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS 1. Remember that you are the presenter, not PowerPoint 2. Don’t make your audience read the slides either 3. Make sure your presentation is easy on the eyes. 4. Never include anything that makes you announce, "I don’t know if everyone can read this, … 5 . Leave out the sound effects and background music

60. 8 RULES FOR BETTER POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS 6.Stick with simple animations if you use them at all 7. Proofread, proofread, proofread 8. Practice, practice, practice .

61. ADVANTAGES OF POWER POINT If you get lost, you can casually look at the power point for guidance People can register the info more as they can observe the PPT Images and good Presentation can make the PPT more engaging Good for Reference at the end, if they ask questions Looks more professional

62. DISADVANTAGES OF POWER POINT You will not be able to change any slide during a presentation Presenter cannot get into giving their full heart to the presentation. time consuming Technically faults can rise

63. TELEVISION Telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome or coloured with accompanying sound

64. EDUCATIONAL USE OF TV Interactive or passive Use to display prerecord program to supplement additional learning’ Used for teaching social , religious affairs Used for behavioural modification through showing specific therapeutic programmes Educational entertainment

65. ADVANTAGES OF TV

66. DISADVANTAGES OF TV One way process (doubts cannot be clarified) Not student centric approach Customised school schedule according to telecast schedule Student who have no access of TV in home, remain deprived of the educational programmes.

67. VIDEO CASSETTE RECORDER(VCR)/ VCDPLAYER Electromechanical educational medium which constitute an electronic machine, pre-recorded video cassettes and TV screen for display

68. EDUCATIONAL USE Develop motor, intellectual, cognitive and interpersonal and affective skills Bring visual and auditory stimulus Leads to permanent memory impact and learning Simple classroom content delivery to facilitate distance education

69. ADVANTAGES OF VIDEO CASSETTE RECORDER(VCR)/ VCD PLAYER Easy to access and use for educational purpose Multiple use and repetitive of same content several times Used in day light Recording and playing needs no skill and technique Combine motion pictures and tape recorder

70. DISADVANTAGES OF VIDEO CASSETTE RECORDER(VCR)/VCDPLAYER Older playback equipment power supply is mandatory Recorded content cannot be edited in basic equipment's Good quality video recording is a time consuming and difficult task.

71. CAMERA Electromechanical device capable of recording and storing still or movable images

72. Multimedia Projector An LCD projector or multimedia projector is a type of video projector for displaying video, images or computer data on a screen or other flat surface.

73. USES IN EDUCATION TO VIEW EDUCATIONAL FILMS LCD projectors allow teachers to easily show educational films. They can show clips of video they have found online or play a DVD .

74. USES IN EDUCATION TO SHOW LESSON PRESENTATIONS Teachers can prepare presentations on a computer and display them on an LCD projector. This can be very useful for creating lesson plans that can be used year after year. It provides a large, clear image that students can see from anywhere in the room

75. USES IN EDUCATION TO GET STUDENTS INVOLVED WITH INTERACTIVE SLIDES When an LCD projector is used to display an image on a Whiteboard Teacher has the option to use dry erase markers to draw on the image e.g. demonstrating a chemical reaction or labelling muscle groups in anatomy class Students can use markers in different colours to participate as well e.g . a teacher may display a paragraph on the screen and ask students to mark errors on the whiteboard

76. TELECONFERENCING A teleconferencing is a telephone meeting among two or more participants involving technology more sophisticated than a simple two-way phone connection

77. ADVANDATGES OF TELECONFERENCING • It is fast and easier. • No paper is wasted . • The messages can be stored in the device for longer times, without being damaged . • Digital communication can be done over large distances through internet and other things.

78. DISADVANTAGES OF TELECONFERENCING It is unreliable as the messages cannot be recognised by signatures. • The establishment of Digital Communication causes degradation of the environment in some cases. – "Electronic waste" is an example. The vibes given out by the telephone and cell phone towers are so strong that they can kill small birds.

79. VIDEO CONFERENCING   A video conference or teleseminar is the live exchange and mass articulation of information among several persons and machines remote from one another but linked by a telecommunications system.

80. HISTORY Multiple user video-conferencing first being demonstrated with Stanford Research Institute's NLS computer technology (1968).

81. CLASSIFICATION OF VIDEO CONFERENCING DEDICATED SYSTEM DESKTOP SYSTEMS

82. IMPACT ON HEALTH • Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real time telemedicine and telenursing applications. • Patients may contact health care personnel in emergency or routine situations . • All health care professionals can discuss cases across large distances. • Rural areas can use this technology for seeking health information, thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money. • Remote community, long-term care facility, or from a patient's home any person can communicate with the health professional.

83. IMPACT ON EDUCATION • Two way student teacher interaction . • Faculty members keeping in touch with classes while they are out of the station . • Researchers collaborating with colleagues at other institutions on a regular basis without loss of time due to travel • Schools with multiple campuses collaborating and sharing professors • Schools from two separate nations engaging in cross-cultural exchanges.

84. ADVANDAGES OF VIDEO CONFERENCING • Significant Travel Savings • Improved Communication • Increased Productivity • Time savings • Convenience • Collaboration • Stronger relationships • Increased collaboration • Access to dispersed resource • Reduced environmental impact

85. DISADVANTAGES OF VIDEO CONFERENCING • Physical presence • High cost • Need of technical assistance • Need for electrical assistance • Need of computer knowledge • Less applicability for large group

86. COMPUTER ASSISTED LEARNING

87. Light Microscopes The most common type of microscope you’re likely to come across, these microscopes rely on lenses and light to illuminate a specimen for optimal image-gathering. They can be used for viewing living cells, insects,  for performing dissections , or for clinical blood and tissue assessment.

88. Compound Microscopes They fit on a desktop, they’re portable, affordable, and easy to use. Their light source comes from the bottom, and light must pass through the specimen to travel through the microscope’s lenses and make it fully visible ..

89. Advantages • It is convenient for group  teaching  • It is economical and it can be used over and again • It captures attention • It can be used for drill and revision • It can be used for drawings and illustrations from the textbooks

90. LOUDSPEAKER The loudspeakers used should have adequate power handling capacity and should normally be of high efficiency type .   Loudspeakers should have effective frequency range of 100 to 10,000 Hz.

91. AMPLIFIER It is provided for connecting conference system consisting of chairman, secretary and delegate units. It operates on AC mains and standby DC voltage and designed for both table top & rack mounting.

92. POST EVALUATION Define projected aids?(2) List out the types of projected aids?(2) Write the importance of slide projector?(2) What is micro projector? (2) Write 5 purposes of OHP? (2) List the 6 rules of preparing transparency? (2) List out the types of LCD projector? (2) Write the advantages of power point presentation? (2) List the camera in education?(2) Define the teleconferencing? (2)

93. REFERENCES B.T. Basavantappas”Nursing Education", first edition, 2003,Jaypee Brothers publication,NewDelhi, India. http//:WWWunesco.org/education/nfsunesco / pdf /LESTAG_E,PDF 3. http//:monroecc.edy/manila/ webfiles / pbrunett /audiovisual.pdf 4. http://:wp.lps.org/ jholbei/files/2012/03/visual-aids.pdf 5. Farrant,(1998)” ,Principles and Practice of Education, "Essex: LONGMAN Grou . 6 . The Importance of Graphic Aids……..By Cynthia Roberson….. 2011 7. http://www.ehow.com/about_6362198_importance- graphic-aids.html - mail Greg Larkin at [email protected] or call [phone] ttp ://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~larkin/eng302/class/rhetoric/graphic s/lesson1-4-2.html 10 . M. Markel, Technical Communications, 6th ed., p. 376 ….. William Magrino …. Copyright © 2004...Rutgers University Business & Technical Writing …http ://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~ bizntech/teacher_resources/th ings_that_work /graphic_aids.html .