propagation-1_compressed.quick guide .pdf

Propagation short note for quick revision includes quick recap

1. 4/24/2024
Chapter8:BasicsofPlantPropagation
INTRODUCTION
Propagationreferstothecontrolledperpetuationorincreaseinthenumberofplants.
Multiplicationandproductionofplantsusingpropagulesrepresentingspecificgenotypes.
•Apropagulesisanyplantpartusedtoproduceanewplantorpopulation
ofplants.
•Specificpropaguleincludesseeds,cutting,layers,buds,scion,explants
andvariouskindsofspecializedstructuressuchasbulbs,cormsandtubers.Ingeneral,itcanbesexual(byseed)orasexual(byvegetativemethods)
A.Sexualmethodofpropagation
Byseeds;Seedlings:Plantsraisedthroughseeds.
Seed:Fertilizedovulecontainingembryosresultingfromthe
unionofmaleandfemalegametesduringfertilization
Itisaneasyandcheapmethodofpropagation.Itisusedtopreparerootstocksofmany
fruittrees.Itisalsoveryimportantinbreedingprogramtodevelopnewvariety.
However,plantsproducedfromseedsareheterozygous(carrygeneticmaterialfrom
bothparents).
Afruittreepropagatedfromseedtakeslongertimetomaturethanonedevelopedfrom
asexualmeans
Seedlingtreesofmangousuallytake5-6yearstobearfruits.While,asexually
propagatedmangotakesonly2-3yearsforthefirstharvest.

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Advantagesof sexual propagation
1)Seedlingtreesgenerallylivelonger,bearmoreheavilyandarehardierthan
vegetativelypropagatedtrees.
2)Seedlingsarecomparativelycheap,andcanbemoreeasilyraised
3)Plantswhicharedifficulttopropagate,e.g.,papayaandphalsabyvegetative
methodcanonlybe propagatedby seed.
4)Inbreedingforevolutionofnewvarieties,thehybridsarefirstraisedfrom
theseedanditis,therefore,essentialtoemploythismethodinsuchcases.
5)Chanceseedlingswithsuperiorcharacteristics,whichmaybeofgreatbenefit
tothehorticultureindustry.
6)Rootstocks,onwhichdesirablescionvarietyisbuddedorgrafted,areusually
raisedfromseeds
•Achanceseedlingisaplantthatistheproductofunintentionalbreeding.A
chanceseedlingmaybea geneticallyuniqueindividualwithdesirable
characteristicsthatisthenintentionallybred.
•Identifyingtheparentplantsofachanceseedlingmaybedifficult.Itmaybe
necessarytogeneticallyanalyzetheseedlingandsurroundingplantstobesure.
•Plantsthatcomefromtheartificialunionofgametesfromamaternaland
paternalsourcearenotchanceseedlings.
•Reddelicious,Baldwin,Grannysmithapplesareexamplesofvarietiesthat
startedwithchanceseedlingsthatwereselectedandassignedcultivarstatus
owingtotheirdesirableproperties.
7)
Polyembryony
:Seedsofsomefruitslikecitrus,Jamunandmangovarietiesare
capableofgivingoutmorethanoneseedlingfromoneseed. Theyarisefromthe
Nucellarcellsandintegumentstissuesarecalledpoyembyonic.Thenucellarseedlings
canbeutilizedforraisinguniformplants,iftheycanbecarefullydetectedatthe
nurserystage.
8)Sincemostvirusdiseasesareusuallynottransmittedthroughseedpropagation.
Hence,itisusefulinproducingvirusfreeplants.
9)Seedsalsoofferaconvenientmethodforstoringplantsforalongtime.Seedswhen
keptproperlymayremainviableforverylongperiods.Eg.Indianlotusremainsviable
forover1000years.
Disadvantagesofseedpropagation:
1)Seedlingtreesarenotusuallytruetotypeandshowvariation.
2)Seedlingtreestakemoretimetocometobearingthangraftedplants.
3)Seedlingtrees,beingverylarge(vigorousgrowth),poseproblemsfor
efficientmanagementoforchardtrees,i.e.,harvesting,pruningsprayingetc.
becomemoredifficultandexpensive.
4)longjuvenile(pre-bearing)period.
5)Continuousseedpropagationleadstoinferiorityintheprogeny
6)Seedslooseviabilitywithinashortperiod.Eg.Citrus,mango,jack,papaya,
jamunetc.

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B.Asexualmethodofpropagation
Itinvolvestheuseofvegetativepartsofaplantforreproduction.
Vegetativepartsincludesanypartsofplantslikeroot,stemorleafotherthan
seed
Totipotency:
Principally,eachcellofaplantistotipotentinthesensethatitcanproducea
newplant.
Truetomotherplant:Whateverthecharacterspresentintheparent–thesame
arecarriedinthenewplants
Advantagesofasexualpropagation
Thereareseveraladvantagesofasexualpropagation:
1.PlantslikeBanana,Pineapple,figwhichdonotproduceviable
seedcanbepropagatedeasily
2.Byusingvegetativemethods,plantscanbeproducedwhicharetrueto
type.Suchplantsarenotheterozygous.Thishelpsinmaintainingunique
characteristics.
3.Itisusuallyrapidmethodofmultiplication
4.Plantsareusuallysmallerandflowerearlierthanseed
propagatedplants
6.Certainvarietiesofsomefruitplantsaresusceptibletocertaindiseases.By
buddingograftingthemonaresistantrootstock,thesevarietiescanbe
grownwithoutpestordiseaseincidence.
7.Itisalsopossibletogrowmanyvarietiesonthesameplant.E.g:Onecan
get3-4varietiesofrosesonvariousbranchesofthestockplant
.
Disadvantages
However,therearesomedisadvantagestoo:
•Thismethodcannotbeusedfordevelopingnewvarieties
•Sometimes,vegetativepropagationbecomesmoreexpensivethan
seedpropagationandtheseplantsareshortlived
•Vegetativelypropagatedplantsarecomparativelylesshardy.
•Transmitviraldiseasesfromplanttoplant
•Vegetativelypropagatedplantsarecomparativelyshortlived.Lackoftap
rootsysteminvegetativelypropagatedplantsresultsinpooranchoragein
thesoil
•Thereislossofgeneticdiversity,sinceasexualpropagationdoesnotinvolve
theprocessofgameteformation.
•Plantsthataregeneticallyidenticalarenotabletochangetoadaptto
changingenvironmentalconditions,wholecommunitiesofgenetically
identicalindividualsmaynotsurvivethesechanges.
1.Utilizationof apomicticseeds
2.Utilization ofspecializedvegetativestructures
3.Cutting
4.Layering
5.Grafting
6.Budding
7.Tissue culture
Methodsofvegetativepropagation

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A.Utilizationofapomicticseeds
Apomixis:Developmentofanembryowithoutthecompletionofsexualprocess
Inapomixesseedsareformedbuttheembryodevelopwithoutfertilization.Suchseedsare
calledapomiticseedsandtheseedlingsproducedinthismannerareknownasapomitic
seedlings
Apomixisexcludethemostfundamentalandbasicaspectsofsexualreproductioni.e.
meiosisandfertilization.Withouttherequirementformalefertilization,theresultingseed
germinatesaplantthatdevelopswhichwillbeasexactlyasamaternalclone
Itistherefore,aformofnon-sexualorvegetativepropagation.
Innormalcondition,theembryoisproducedfromadiploidcell.
However,inapomixissomemechanismpreventsthefusionofgametesand
embryoisproducedfromadiploidmothercell
Apomicticseedlingsareidenticaltotheirmotherplantandsimilartothe
plantsraisedbyothermethodsofvegetativepropagation.
Anotheradvantageofapomicticseedlingsistheyarefreefromviruses.
Apomixisiscommonlyfoundincitrusinwhichnucellarseedlingsare
produced.
Nucellarembryonyisatypeofapomixis
B. Utilizationofspecializedvegetativestructures
Therearecertainspecializedplantpartswhichcanbeusedforvegetativepropagation.Itcan
includeseparationordivision.Inseparation,naturallydetachablestructureslikebulbs,
corms,runners,suckersandslipsareseparatedandplantedindividually.
Divisioninvolvescuttingofmodifiedplantstructureslikerhizomesandtubersintosections
havingabudoreyeanditsplanting
Someofthemare:
a.Bulbs(Modifiedundergroundstemswhichfunctionasstorageorgansoffoodeg.Onion,
garlicetc)
b.Corms(Solidenlarged,fleshyundergroundstemwithreducedscales.Eg.
Colocasia(Karkalo),Gladiolus(Tarbarelily)
c.Runners(Specializedaerialstem(stolon)arisingintheleafaxilsoftheplantEg.
Strawberry)
d.Slips(Theyareactualshootsthatareoriginatedfromaxillarybudsatthebaseoftheplant.
Eg.Pineapple)
e.Suckers(Thesearetheadventitiousshootsproducedfromtheundergroundportionofthe
stemorfromhorizontalshoots.Eg.Banana,Pineapple
)
A.Bulbs B.CormsofGladiolus

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a.Rhizome:Thisisanundergroundstemgrowinghorizontallywithseverallateralgrowing
tipsGinger,turmeric,cardamom,Banana,bambooetc.)
b.Stolon:Itisaweaklateralbranchthatarisesfromthebaseofmainstem.Eg.mint,
colacassia
c.Stemtuber:Atuberisspecializedswollenundergroundstemwhichpossesseseyesin
regularorderoverthesurface.Theeyesrepresentthenodesofthetuberegpotato
d.TuberousrootInsomeplants,theadventitiousrootsbecomethickenedandtheydohave
externalandinternalstructuresofrootsbutlacknodesandinternodeseg.Sweetpotato,
dahlia
C.Cuttings
Acuttingmaybeportionofaleaf,stemorrootwhichisseveredfromitsmotherplant
andusedforpropagation.Acuttingproducesrootsandshootsanddevelopsintoanew
individualinsuitablemedia
Itistheeasiestandmostconvenientmethodofpropagation.Thevarioustypesof
cuttingsare:-
A.Rootcutting
B.StemCutting(FurtherdividedintoHardwoodcutting,semi-hardwoodcutting,
softwoodcuttingandHerbaceouscutting
C.Leafcutting
Polarityincuttings
•Polarityistheorientationinherentinastemor
rootcutting.Thedistalendisnearesttothestem
tiporroottip,whiletheproximalendisclosestto
theroot-shootjunction.
•Auxinmovesinapolarmannerfromthedistalto
proximalendsofcuttings.Maintainingpolarityis
importanttodecidewhichendofcuttingstostick
intothemedium.
•InStemcutting,Proximalendisplaced
downwardsinthesoilandinrootcuttings
proximalendisplacedupwardsabovethesoil

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Stemcutting
It is the most common type of cutting. In this case, the segments of the shoot or branch
withlateralor terminalbudsareselected.
Stemcuttingscanbedividedinto4typesbasedonthedegreeofmaturityand
lignificationof woodusedinmakingcuttings.
i.Hard woodstemcuttings
ii.Semihardwoodstems cuttings
iii.Softwoodstemcuttings
iv.Herbaceousstemcuttings
Theleaflesshardwoodfrompreviousseasongrowth(nongreen)orfrom2-3yearold
growthistaken.
Thesizeofthecuttingsshouldbe10-30cmlonganddiametershouldbe1to2.5cm
with3-5nodes(Pencilsize).
Aslantingcutismadeonthebasalendtogivemaximumsurfaceareatoincreasewater
uptakeandrootingarea.
Thetopportioniscutlevelledandwaxcanbeappliedtopreventinfection.Itrequires
highhumidityforrootinitiationso,theyarekeptundermistpropagationchambersfor
higherpercentageofsuccess.
Centralandbasalpartofthestemisgoodforhardwoodcuttingastheyposseeshighamount
ofcarbohydratewhichwillserveforenergyduringrooting
ThecuttingshouldbemadefromNovembertoFebruary(dormant)
Theyareusedinbougainvillea,roses,grapes,pomegranate,acalphya,hibiscusetc
Hardwoodcutting
Stemcutting
b.Semi-hardwoodcutting
•Cuttingstakenfrom partiallymatureandslightlywoody shootsare consideredassemi-
hardwoodcutting
•Cuttingsshouldbetakenfromhealthyvigorouslygrowingshootunderfullsunlight
•Generally,7-15cmlongcuttingswithorwithoutterminalbudsaretakenfor thispurpose
•Whileplantingleavesfromthebasalportionareremoved
•Practicedinbougainvillea,roses,croton etc

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Stemcutting
c.Soft-woodcuttings
•Cuttingsaremadefromsoft, succulentandnon-lignifiedpartsofsomewoody
plantsfromcurrentseasongrowth
•The cuttings are always taken with intact leaves and should be handled carefully in
orderto preventwilting
•Theyrootfasterunderconditionsofhighhumidityandadequatesunlight
•Manyornamentalshrubscanbepropagatedbysoftwoodcuttings
Stemcutting
d.Herbaceouscuttings
•Inthis method,the soft,tenderandsucculentterminalportionofthe stemsof
herbaceousplantsisused.
•Thecuttingshouldbepreparedjustbeforetheyareplacedinrooting media
•Whileplanting,the leavesfrombasalportionshouldberemoved
•Theyrootfastestamongallcuttingsin environmenthavinghighrelativehumidity
andtemperature
•Carnation,chrysanthemum,geranium,marigold, sweet potatoareeasily
transplantedby herbaceouscuttings
LeafCuttings:
•Certainplantswiththickandfleshyleaveshavethecapacitytoproduce
plantletson theirleaves.
•Inleafcuttings,theleafbladewithorwithoutpetioleandaxillarybudisused
forstartingnewplants.
•Adventitiousrootsandshootsformatthebaseoftheleafandformintoanew
plant.However,theoriginalleafdoes notbecomeapart ofthenewplant.
•Sandorsandandpeatmoss(1:1)asrootingmediawithhighwateringaswell
ashighhumidityaresatisfactoryfor leafcuttings.
Leafcuttingscanbe classifiedinto:
1.Leaf-PetioleCuttings
2.Leaf bladecutting
3.Leafveincutting
4.Leafmargin cutting
5.Leaf budcutting

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1.Leaf-PetioleCuttings
•Aleaf-petiolecuttingconsistsofaleafanditsleafstalkorpetiole.
firm,healthyleafandcutit offwithasharp knife.
Selecta
•Removealeafandincludeupto1
1
Ú
2
inchesofthepetiole.Insertthelowerend
ofthepetioleintothemedium.Oneormorenewplantswillformatthebaseof
thepetiole.
•Examples:Africanviolet,peperomia,episcia,hoya,sedum,zzplant,
syngonium.
ZZplantandsyngonium
2.Leafbladecutting
•Selectahealthyleafandgiveaslantingcuttowardsthebaseoftheleaf.
Measurealengthofabout7-10cmandgiveahorizontalcuttowardsthe
terminalend.Prepareasmanycuttingsaspossiblefromtheselectedleaf.
•Insertupto3/4
th
ofthepreparedleafcuttingsintothemedium.Takecareof
polaritywhileplantingthecuttings.Compressthesoilaroundtheleaf
cuttingsandwaterimmediately.Eg.Sansevieria(snakeplant,mother-in-law's
tongue)

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Rootcutting
•Someplantspecieshave
tendencytosproutand
produceadventitiousshoot
fromtheroots;root
cuttingscanpropagate
thesespecies.
•Thesizeofcuttingshould
beabout3-5cmlongwith
apencilsizethickness.
•Eg:Citrus,Guava
B.Layering
•Layeringisthedevelopingofrootsonastemwhileitisstillattachedtothe
parentplant.
•Therootedstemisthendetachedorbecomeanewplantgrowingonitsown
roots.Alayeredstemisknownasalayer.
•Therootformationduringlayeringonastemisstimulatedbyvariousstem
treatmentslikeringing,notchingetc,whichcausesaninterruptioninthe
downwardtranslocationofcarbohydratesandothergrowthfactorsfromleaves
andgrowingshoottips.
•Asaresultthereoccursaccumulationofcarbohydratesintheregionswhere
rootsareproduced.
•However,therootformationinlayeredstems,completelydependsupon
continuousmoisturesupply,goodaerationandmoderatetemperaturearoundthe
rootingzone.
•SometimessyntheticgrowthregulatorslikeIBA,IAAetc,arealsotreatedto
layeredstemtoinducebetterrooting,astheauxinsinlayeredstemisan
importantfactorforrooting.
Advantages:
i.Itisaneasymethodanddoesnotrequiremuchcareandarrangementlike
cutting.
ii.Themotherplantsuppliesnutrientandothermetabolitesasitremains
attachedwhile rooting.
iii.Byusingalargebranchamuchlargerplantcanbeobtainedinthefirst
instance.
iv.Someplantsthatcannotbesatisfactorilystartedfromcuttingscanbe
propagatedbylayering.

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Disadvantages:
i.Itisaslowprocess
ii.Limitednumberof plantscanbepropagated
iii.Layeredplantsaregenerallyshallow rooted
iv.Interference withcultivation
v.Requiremoreindividualattention
vi.Thebeneficialeffect of rootstockcannotbeexploited.
Classificationof layering:
I.Groundlayering:
1)Tiplayering
2)Simplelayering
3)Trenchlayering
4)Moundlayeringor stoollayering
5)Compoundormultiplelayering
II.Airlayering(GooteeorMarcottage)
1)Tiplayering
•Thetipofcurrentseasonsstemorbranchesarebentdownandburiedinthe
soiltothedepthof5-5.7cm.Thetipofshootsgrowdownwardintothe
ground.Eg:Blackberry,Raspberry,gooseberryetc.
2)Simple layering
•Bendingdownashootandburyingpartofitinthesoilsothatthetipisabove
thegroundlevel.
•Anotchorgirdlingintheburiedportionstimulatestherooting.Rootsare
formedatburiedportionwherethecutis made.
•Awoodenpegor stonemaybe usedtoanchor theburiedpartofthestem.
•Eg:Rose,jasmine,guava

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3)Trenchlayering
•Abranchiscoveredforitsentirelengthto produceplantsfrom allnodesor
buds,whereinrootswill strike.
•One year old plant is planted slantingly at an angle of (30-45)°at a distance of
1mapart intheground.
•Oncethesematerialsgetestablishedtheseparentlayersarebentoverandlaid
flat on thebottomofatrenchdungalong therowabout5cmdeep.
•Whenthebuds startto swellalayerof2.5cmsoilisplaced onthebranch.
•Budsdon’tgrowifcovereddeep.
•Astheshootsgrow,moresoilisaddeduntiltheyarecoveredtoadepthof
about12-15cmsothatshootsareetiolated(growingindarkness)androotsare
formed.Eg:Cherry,plum,applerootstocks.
4)Moundlayeringorstoollayering
•Theparentplantwhichisalreadyestablishediscutdowntothegroundlevel
duringthedormantseasonandnewgrowingshootsarecoveredwithsoilto
facilitaterootdevelopment.
•Wounding(girdling)atthebasalportionofnewgrowthhastentheroot
initiation.Eg:Rootstockofappleandpear.
5)Compoundormultiplelayering
•Thismethodproduceseveral newplantsfromonebranch.
•Compoundlayeringmaybe oftwotypes.
a)Continuouslayering:Branchisplacedinshallowtrenchandcoveredwith
soilfor itsentire lengthleaving thetipportion.
b)Serpentinelayering:Branchisalternatelycoveredwiththesoilandexposed
overtheirentirelength.Inthiscasetheexposedpartofthestemgivesshoot,
whiletheundergroundparttoroots.Eg:Americangrapes,ornamental
vineslikeclematisandpepermmia.

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Continuousandserpentinecompoundlayering II.Airlayering/Chineselayering(GooteeorMarcottage)
•Rootsareproducedintheattachedbranchabovetheground.Atapoint15-30
cmbackfromthetipoftheshoot makeagirdlejustbelowanodeby
completelyremovingastripofbark2-3.5cmwideallaroundtheshootfrom
oneyearoldpencilsizebranch.
•Scrapetheexposedsurfacelightlytoremoveatracesofphloemandcambium
toretardhealing.
•Rootingisencouragedbyplacingrootingmedia(moistsoilandsphagnum
moss)ingirdledportionofthebranchandwrappedwithplasticsandthentied
properly.
•Rootingisquickenedbyapplyingrootinghormones(auxinslikeIBA)inthe
girdledportion.Thepolythenesheetspermitsgaseousexchangebutare
impervioustowater.
•Therootsstartemergingontheupperportionofthecutendoftheringwithin
4-8weeks,rootedlayeriscutandplacedinshadeincontainerasnewplant.
•Eg.Crotons,Ficuselastica,fig,Guava,Phalsa,Pomegranate,Litchi,
certainspeciesofcitrusetc.

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A.ByGrafting
•Graftinginvolvesthejoiningoftwodifferentpartsofoneormoreplantsin
suchamannerthattheyuniteandgrow togetherintosingleindependentplant.
•Scion:Scionreferstothatpartofagraftcombinationthatbecomesthetopof
theplant.Scionistheshortpieceofdetachedshootcontaining3ormore
dormantbuds,whichwhenunitedwiththerootstockorinter-stock,comprises
theupperportionofthegraftandfromwhichwillgrowthestemorbranches
orboth.Itshouldbeofthedesiredcultivarandfreefromdiseases.
•Rootstock:Therootstockisthelowerportionofthegraft,whichdevelops
intotherootsystemsofthegraftedplant.Itmaybeseedling,arootedcutting,
oralayeredormicropropagatedplant.
•Inter-stock:Inter-stockisapieceofsteminsertedbymeansoftwograft
unionsbetweenthescionandrootstock.Inthiscasetheinterstockshouldbe
graftcompatiblewithboththescionandstock.
•Inter-stocksareusedtoavoidanincompatibilitybetweentherootstockand
scion,toproducespecialtreeforms,tocontroldiseasesortotakeadvantageof
itsgrowthcontrollingproperties.

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•Vascularcambium:Vascularcambiumisathintissuelocatedbetweenthebark
andthewood.Itscellsaremeristematici.e.theyarecapableofdividingand
formingnewcells.Forsuccessfulgraft-union,thecambiumofthescionisplaced
intheclosecontactwiththecambiumoftherootstock.
•Callus:Callusisatermappliedtothemassofparenchymaticcellsthatdevelop
fromandaroundwoundedplanttissues.Itoccursatthejunctionofagraft
union,arisingfromthelivingcellsofboththescionandrootstock.The
productionandinterlockingoftheseparenchymaticcells(callus)constituteone
oftheimportantstepincallusbridgeformationbetweenthescionandrootstock
inasuccessfulgraft.
•Reasonsforgraftingandbudding
•Perpetuating clonesthatcannotbereadilypropagated bycutting,layers,
divisionorotherasexualmethods
•Obtainingthebenefitsofcertainrootstocks
•Obtainingthebenefitsofcertainplants(doubleworking)
•Changingcultivarsofestablishedplants(top working)
•Precocity inbearing
•Reductioninjuvenility
•Obtaining specialformsofplantgrowth
•Repairingthedamagedpartsoftrees
Doubleworking
•Doubleworkingmaybedoneincertainfruittreegraftswherethescionand
understockareincompatible,buttheinterstockiscompatiblewithboththe
scionandunderstock.
•Intheexample,'Bartlett'pearscionsarenotcompatiblewithquince
understocks.
•'OldHome'peariscompatiblewithboth'Bartlett'andquinceandservesasa
bufferbetweenthetwopartnerstoavoidlocalizedgraftincompatibility.

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Elementsforsuccessfulgrafting:Therearefiveimportantelements
foranysuccessfulgraftingoperation.Theseare:
Therootstockandscionmustbecompatible.
Thevascularcambiumofthescionmustbeplacedinintimatecontactwiththatofthe
rootstock.
Thegraftingoperationmustbedoneatatimewhentherootstockandscionarein
theproperphysiologicalstage.
Immediatelyaftercompletionofgrafting,allcutsurfacesmustbeprotectedfrom
desiccation.
Propercare mustbegiventothegrafts forsomeperiodof timeaftergrafting.
Graftincompatibility
•Graftfailure:Failureforagrafttocreateastrongunioneitherinearlystage
ofgraftingorinlaterstage.
•Causesofgraftfailure:Anatomicalmismatching,poorgraftskills,adverse
environmentalconditions,diseaseandgraftincompatibility.
•Incompatibility:Thebreakingoftrees,atthepointofunion,particularly
whentheyhavebeengrowingforsomeyearsandthebreakiscleanand
smooth,ratherthanrough.

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Symptomsofgraftincompatibility
•Completefailuretoformagraftunion.
•Verylow percentage of graftsuccess.
•Uniontakesplace,growthoccursbuteventuallytreedieseitherinnurseryorin
field.
•Declineinvegetativegrowth,yellowingofleaves,earlydefoliation,
appearanceoftipdiebackandgeneralpoorgrowthofthetree.
•Prematuredeathoftheplant.
•Differenceingrowthinscionandrootstock.
•Overgrowthat,aboveorbelow thegraft union.
•Suckeringofrootstock.
•Graft breakage iscleanandsmoothatunionpoint.
Typesofgrafting
1.Approachgrafting:Eg.Guava, mango,
Sapota.

Thescionsremainsattachedtothemother
plantwhiletherootstocksgrownseparatelyon
potsarebroughtclosertothemothertreesfor
grafting.

Atthetimeofinarching,theseedlingsstock
shouldhaveathicknessofaleadpencil.

Itisdonewhenthesapisflowingandplantis
inactivegrowthcondition(July-August).
Procedure:
•Growarootstockinplasticbagorinapot.Whentherootstockbecomes1year
old(pencilsizethickness)thentheyshouldbegraftedwiththescionof
improvedcultivars.
•Inabout40-60cmtalloneyearoldseedlingrootstock,12-22cmaboveground
level,5-6cmlongsliceofbarkandwoodisremoved.Thiscutremovesabout
onethirdofthethicknessofthestem.
•Selectahealthyshootofhavingapencilsizethicknessontheselectedmother
plantwhichistobeusedasascionsourceandacorrespondingcutismadeon
thescionshootsothattwocutsfitinperfectly.Thecutgivenonthestockand
scionshouldbeofthesamesize.

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•Thecutsshouldbeperfectlysmoothsothataclosecontactofthecambiallayers
ofstockandscionisbroughtaboutwhentheyarepressedtogether.Tiethetwo
cutsurfacestogethertightlywithstringorcloth.
•Afterunion(6-8weeksaftergrafting)thetopofrootstockisremovedabovethe
graftpointandthebaseofscionshootisremovedbelowthegraftpoint.
2.SideVeneergrafting:Eg.Avocado,Mango,Sapota,Fig,mangosteenetc.
•Onthestockplant,atthedesiredheight(12-15cmabovethegroundin1-1.5
yearsoldrootstock),intheinternodalregion,aslantingcutof2.5-5cmismade
atanangleof(20-25)°.
•Alongslopingcutextendingdownwardismadein rootstock (Side grafting)
•Onthescion,towardsthebase,givealong(2.5-5.0cm),slantingcuttowards
onesideandanothershort,inwardanddownwardcutontheoppositeside.(side
veneergrafting
•Thecutsgivenonstockandscionshouldbeofsamedimensions,sothat,the
cambiumlayerscanbematchedascloselyaspossible.
•Insertthescionontotherootstocksuchthatacontactofcambiumisestablished
atleastononeside,andtiethemfirmly.Aftertheunionhashealed,cutbackthe
stockabovethegraftunion.BesttimetoperformthisgraftingisfromJuly-
August.
Pre-curing ofscion:
•Inthismethodscionispreparedfromtheterminalofthepastseasonsgrowth
andusedwhentheyarenotinactivegrowth(i.e.3-4monthsoldnon-flowering
branchhavingswellingbud).
•Pre-curingofscionhasto bedonewhenitisstillon thetree.
•Theselectedshootisdefoliatedretainingonlythepetiolesuptoalengthof
about10cm fromtheapicalbud.
•Thedefoliatedshootislefton thetree for aperiodof 7-10days.
•Duringthistime,thebudontheaxilsofshootbeginstoswell.Thisshootis
thencalledasPre-curedscion,whichisseparatedfromthetree.

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3. Epicotyl(Stone)Grafting:Eg. Cashew,mangoetc.
•Selectveryyoungseedlingofabout8-15days oldraisedinpolythenebags.
•Cutoffthetopportionofthechosenseedlingleaving8-10cmlongshoot
(epicotyl)whentheleavesarecopperredcolor.
•Withasharpknifemakeavertical,downwardslit(3-4cmlong)atthecenterof
theremainingportionoftheepicotyl.
•Selectadormant3-4monthsoldterminalshootofabout5-8cmlongfroma
provenmotherplantasthescionstick.Pre-curingofscionshouldbedone8-10
daysbeforegraftingbyremovingleavesexceptthepetioles.
•Cutthelowerendoftheselectedsciontoawedgeshapebygivingslantingand
inwardcutsof2-3cmonoppositesides.
•Insertthewedgeshapedscionintheslitmadeontheseedlingandsecurefirmly
withpolythenestripsortape.
•Waterthegraftregularlywithoutwettingthegraftregion.Inabout3weeksthe
scionstartssprouting.
•Iftheseedlingsareraisedinsandbedstheyareuprooted(withstones)15-20
daysaftersowing(whenseedlingsattain10-15cmheight)andgraftingisdone
asdescribedabove.
•Thegraftedseedlingisthenplantedinpolythenebagsorpotskeepingthegraft
unionabovethesoillevelandwithoutdamagingthestone.JunetoSeptember
isthebestperiodforepicotylgrafting.
•Graftuniontakesplacewithin60-120days.Andplantsarereadytotransplant
within2
nd
yearsofpreparation.
4.Softwoodgrafting:
•This method of grafting is done when the rootstock is overgrown and thus not
suitableforstonegrafting.Eg. Cashew,Mango
•Seedlings of 8-10 months old are used. The grafting is done in newly emerged
flush.Thescion woodtobeusedisdefoliated10dayspriortothe graftingand
has same thickness as that of terminal shoot. July and August are the best
monthsforsoft-woodgrafting.

19. 4/24/2024
•Makealongitudinalcutof3cminthestock.Selectascionstickofabout10cm
longandabout thesamethicknessasof thepreparedstem onthestock.
•Cutthebasalendofthesciontoawedgeshapeofabout3cmlongbychopping
thebarkandalittlewoodon twooppositesides.
•Insertthepreparedwedgepartofthescionstickintotheslitmadeonthestock
andsecure firmlywithpolythenestrips.
•Waterthegrafted plant regularly.Thescion sproutsinabout threeweeks.
5.Splice grafting
•Nearlyequalsizeofslantingcutshouldbemadeonthe
lowerendofscionandupperendofrootstock.
•Thesetwocutsurfacesareplacedtogether,tightlytied
andwrappedwithpolythenegraftingtape.
•Generally practicedin plant specieshavingpithystem or
woodthatisnotflexibleenough topermittightfit.
•Splicegraftingshouldbeperformedduringdormant
stageofthespeciesandthetyingmaterialmustbecut
afterthepartsofthegrafthaveunited.Anyshoot
growthintherootstockshouldberemoved.
•Commoninapple,pear,cherriesetc.
6.Whiportonguegrafting
•Rootstockandscionarepreparedin thesamewayasinsplicegrafting.
•Thedifferenceisthatatongueismadefromasinglecutonthecutsurface
ofbothscionandrootstock,sothatthecutonthecutsurfaceofbothscion
androotstockwillinterlockeachotherbymatchingcambiumlayers.
•Alsointhismethodthepossibleareaofcontactisgreatlyincreased
becauseofthecreationofthetongueandthescionandstockareheld
morefirmlybyinterlockingmechanisms.
•Aftermatchingscionandrootstocktogether theyaretied asinsplicegrafting.
•Commonlypracticedin apple, pearetc. anddoneduring dormantstageofplants.

20. 4/24/2024
7.Cleft grafting:Generallyused fortopworking thetrees
•
Topworkingisatechniqueusedinfruitorchardsforchangingcultivars
withouthavingtoplantnewtrees.
•Inthismethod,thelimbormainstemofthestockisfirstsawedoffatright
angleandaverticalslitismadeonthecenterofthestemdeepenoughtohold
thescion.
•Thescionispreparedbycuttingitsbasalendintoalongtaperingwedgewhich
isinsertedintheslitoftherootstock.
•Inlargerstockstwoscions canbeinserted,oneineachsideofthecleft.
•Properplacementofscionisveryimportantsothatthereisgoodcontact
between the cambiumlayers ofscionand rootstock.
•Inthismethodsmallerscion canbeused inthebiggerrootstocks.
8.Saddlegrafting
•Asaddle(invertedV)cutismadeatthelowerendofscion.Ataperingwedge
ismade onthetopportionofstock.
•Boththecomponentsarefittedtogetherbyallowingthecambiumlayersto
comeincontact.Done duringdormantstage of species.
•Ifthecutgiven inscion isawedgeandthatinstock issaddle(Vshape),then
thegraftingis known aswedgegrafting.

21. 4/24/2024
9. Bark grafting:Commonlyused intopworking 9. Bark grafting:Commonlyused intopworking
•Inthismethod,therootstockisstumped.
•Adownwardcutismadethroughthebark
ofthestem.Thecutbarkcanbesplitto
adjustthescion.
•Thescionispreparedbygivinga
downwardslopingcutatthebasalendas
incleftgrafting.
•Scionisinsertedbetweenthebarkandthe
woodoftherootstock.
•Sometimes2or3scionsareplacedinlarger
stock.
•Thescionistiedandgraftingwaxis
placedatthegraftingjoint.
•
•Barkgraftingisrelativelyeasyandverysuccessfulprocessdoneonlyinspring
after thebarkbegins toslip andthebudsareopening.
•BarkgraftingisdonenormallyfromtheendofMarchthroughmid-April.
•Someexamples:Mango,Persimmon,apple,citrus,pecan,cherryetc.

22. 4/24/2024
Besttimeforbuddingandgrafting
A.Grafting
1.Forevergreenspecies:Duringrainyseason
2.Fordeciduous species :Duringwinter season
B.Budding:Forevergreenanddeciduousspeciousbuddingisdone
duringspringseason.
B.ByBudding
•Buddingisalsoamethodofgrafting
whereinonlyonebudwithapieceof
barkandwithor without woodisusedas
thescionmaterial.
•Itis alsocalledasbudgrafting.
•Theplantthatgrowsafterunionofthe
stockandbudisknownasbudding.
MethodsofBudding
A.Tor shield Budding
B.Patch Budding
C.ChipBudding
D.Flutebudding
E.ForkertandModified
ForkertBudding
F.RingBudding
1.T-Budding(Shield budding):Eg.Citrus,Rose,plums,peachesetc.
•ThismethodisknownasT-buddingasthecutsgivenonthestockareofthe
shapeof theletterT,andshieldbuddingasthebudpiece likeashield.
•Thismethodiswidelyusedforpropagatingfruittreesandmanyornamental
plants.
•Thismethodisgenerallylimitedtothestockthatisabout0.75-2.50cmin
diameterandactively growingsothat thebarkseparatereadilyfromthewood.
Procedure:
•Afterselectingthestockplant,selectaninternodalregionwithsmoothbark
preferablyataheightof 15-25cmfromgroundlevel.
•Give averticalcutthroughthebarkto alengthof about 2.5-3.75cm.
•Atthetopofthisverticalcut,giveanotherhorizontalcut(1cmor1/3rdofthe
circumferenceofthestem)insuchawaythatthetwocutsgivenresemblethe
letterT.
•Liftthebarkpiece oneithersideoftheverticalcutfortheinsertionof thebud.

23. 4/24/2024
•Selectarequiredbudstickandstartaslicingcutabout1.5cmbelowthebudand
continueitupwardandunderthebudtoabout2.5cmabovethebud.
•Giveanotherhorizontalcutabout1cmabovethebud.Removetheshieldof
barkcontainingbud.Thetracesofwood,ifattachedmayberemoved.
•Insertthebudbetweentheflapsofbarkonthestockwiththehelpofbudding
knifeinsuchawaythatthehorizontalcutoftheshieldmatchesthehorizontal
cutonthestock.
•Wrapthebudsticktightlywithpolythenestripexposingonlythe bud.
•SuccessfulTbuddingrequiresthatthescionmaterialhavefully-formed,
mature,dormantbudsandthattherootstockbeinaconditionofactivegrowth
suchthatthe"barkisslipping".
•Thismeansthatthevascularcambiumisactivelygrowing,andthebarkcanbe
peeledeasilyfromthestockpiecewithlittledamage.
2.PatchBudding:Inthismethodaregularpatchofbarkiscompletelyremoved
fromthestockplantandisreplacedwithapatchofbarkofthesamesize
containingabudfromthedesiredmotherplant(scionbud).
•Forthismethodtobesuccessful,thebarkofthestockandbudstickshouldbe
easilyslipping.
•Thediameterofthestockandbudstickshouldbepreferablybyaboutthesame
(1.5 to2.75cm)
•Normallydoneinspecieshavingthickbark.E.g.,Ber,Citrus,Cocoa,rubber,
mango,walnutetc.
Procedure:
•Ontheselectedstockplantatthedesiredplace(10-15cmabovetheground
level)givetwotransverseparallelcutsofabout1-1.5cmlongor1/3rdthe
distancearoundthestockthroughthebark.
•Thedistancebetweenthecutsmaybe2-3cm.Jointhetwotransversecutsat
theirendsbytwoverticalcuts.
•Removethepatchofbarkandkeepitinplaceagainuntilthebarkpatchwith
thebudfromtheselectedmotherplantisready.

24. 4/24/2024
•Onthebudstickgivetwotransversecuts-oneaboveandonebelowthebud-and
twoverticalcutsoneachsideofthe bud.
•Thedimensionsofthetransverseandverticalshouldcorrespondtothosegiven
onthestock.
•Removethebarkpatchwithbudbyslidingsideways.Cutswithbudbysliding
sideways.
•Insertthebudpatchimmediatelyonthestockinsuchawaythatthehorizontal
cutsof thebarkpatchandthoseon thestockplantmatchtogether perfectly.
•Wraptheinsertedbudpatchwithpolythenestripcoveringallthecutsurfaces
butexposingthebudproperly.
3.Chipbudding:
•Inonesideofrootstock,aslantingcutof2.5cm
lengthgoingtoadepthofhalfofthethicknessof
thestockismade.Anotchisgivenatthebottom
endofthecut.
•Asimilarcutismadeinthescionshootanda
budwithachipofbarkandlargerpieceof
woodisremoved.
•Thescionbudisexactlyfittedintothecutmade
intherootstockandtied.
•Thismethodispracticedinthosespeciesin
whichthebarkdoesnotslipeasily.E.g:
Grapes

25. 4/24/2024
FluteBudding
•Sometimesknownasmodifiedpatchbudding.
•Inthismethod,thereisalmostcompleteinterruptionbetweenthe
upperandlowerpartofthestock.
•Encircledpatchofthebarkexceptanarrowstripisremovedfromthe
rootstock.
•Scionistakenbygivingtwotransversecutsencirclingjustabove
andbelowthebud,averticalcutisgivenbetweentwocutsjustto
separatethepatchbud(Flute).
•Thefluteisfittedtothestockandwrappedwithbuddingtape.
Forkertand Modified ForkertBudding
•Inthismethod,atransversecutisgivenonthestockandthebarkis
carefullypeeleddowntoadepthofaboutaninch.
•Twothirdoftheflapoftherindthusformediscuttransversely.
•Correspondingsizeofscionbudshouldbecollectedandfittedtothe
stocksothatthelowerendofthepatchiscoveredbeneaththe
remainingpartofrindflap.
•Incaseofmodifiedforkertmethod,theentirerindflapisretained
exceptaslightcutjustsufficienttopermitthebudgrowth.

26. 4/24/2024
.Ring budding:
•Thismethodisextensionofflutemethod.
•Thebudispreparedbytakingaringofabark,
3cmlongwiththebudinthe centre.
•Intherootstock,twotransversecut1.5cmapart
aremadeandthese are connected
withaverticalcutandaringof barkisremoved.
•Thepreparedscionbudwiththeringofbarkis
fittedintheexposedportionof therootstockand
tied.E.g,Cinchona.
Micro-propagation/Tissueculture/In-vitroculture
•Theabilitytoestablishandmaintainplantorgans(embryos,shoots,roots,
flowers)andplanttissues(cells,callusandprotoplast)inaseptic/sterile(free
fromcontamination)environmentinanartificialnutrientmedium.
•Tissue cultureisbased ontheprincipleoftootipotency.
•Theconceptoftotipotencyisthateachlivingcellhastheabilitytoreproduce
anentireorganism,sinceitpossesallthenecessarygeneticinformation
•Micropropagationisdefinedasrapidmultiplicationofstockplantmaterial
toproducealargenumberofprogenyplantsthrough'invitroregeneration
ofplantsfromorgans,tissues,cellsorprotoplasts'.
FeaturesofMicropropagation
•Clonalreproduction.
•Multiplicationstagecanberecycledmanytimestoproducean
unlimitednumberofclones.
•Easytomanipulateproductioncycles.
•Disease-freeplantscanbeproduced.

27. 4/24/2024
AdvantagesofMicro-
propagation
•Rapidmultiplicationofplantsfrom
onestockplantmaterialtomany
progenies.
•Asepticconditionthus,maintenance
oflargelypathogenfreematerials.
•Continuousproductionallyearround
•Plantselection.
•Controlled environment
multiplication.
•Microstockplantsmaintenance.
•Geneticconservation.
•Expensivelabset-upbut
inexpensiveperplantonce
established.
•Specializedequipment/facilities
required.
•Moretechnicalexpertiserequired.
•Protocolsnotoptimizedforall
species.
Disadvantages of
Micro-propagation
TypesofMicro-propagation
•Embryoculture
•Antherculture
•Protoplastculture
•Cellsuspensionculture
•Callusculture
•MeristemCulture
Stagesofmicropropogation
a.Isolationoftheexplant:Smallpieceofplant(shoot-tip,root-tip,auxiliary
bud,embryo,endosperm,callus,hypocotyl,anther)usedtobeginacultureis
explant.Explantsarecollectedinacontainercontainingdistilledwater.
b.SurfaceSterilization:Afterexplantofappropriatesizeisobtained
sterilizationshouldbedoneforaboutappropriatetimefor5-10minuteswith
70%alcohol,sodiumhypochloriteandcalciumhypochlorite.Theexplantsare
rinsed3-4timeswithsteriledistilledwater.
c.Inoculation:Transferoftheexplantsintotheculturemediumisknownas
inoculation.Thismustbedoneinasepticcondition.Thesterileexplants
areinoculatedontotheculturemediawithappropriatehormonalcombination
andincubatedinacleancultureroomwithcontrolledlight,temperatureand
humidity.Themajorhormonesrequiredforshootingarethecytokinins.
d.Shootmultiplication:Eachexplanthasexpandedintoaclusterof
microshootsarisingfromthebaseoftheexplant.Thisstructureisdividedinto
separatemicroshoots,whicharetransplantedintoanewculturemedium.Thisis
calledsubculturing.Duringthemultiplicationstage,culturesaresubcultured
every4-8weeks.

28. 4/24/2024
e.Rootformation:Shootsdevelopedduringthemultiplicationstagedonot
usuallyhaveroots.Singleshootsmustbemovedtoamediumorsuitable
environmenttoinduceroots.Rootingmediaisthebasalagarmediawiththe
rootinghormones.Themajorhormonesinvolvedintherootingare auxins,
whichinducescelldivision.
f.Acclimatization:Onceplantletsarewellrooted,theymustbeacclimatizedto
thenormalenvironment.Therefore,plantletsaretransplantedintoastandard
sterilizedrootingmediainmoreorlessconventionalmanner.Initially,
microplantsshouldbeprotectedfromdesiccationbyplacingundershadewith
highhumidityorundermistorfogirrigationsystem.Sometimewilltakeby
microplantstoinitiatenewfunctionalrootsystem.
Meritsofmicro propagation:
a)Tissueculturehelpsinrapidmultiplicationoftruetotypeplantsthroughout
theyear.
b)Anewplantcanberegeneratedfromaminiatureplantpart,whereas,in
conventionalmethodsashootofconsiderablelengthisrequired.
c)Largenumberofplantscanbeproducedinculturetubesinsmallspacewith
uniformgrowthandproductivityinsteadofgrowingthemin largeareasin
nursery.
d)Plantsraisedbytissueculturearefreefromdiseases.

29. 4/24/2024
e)Tissueculturecoupledwithsomatichybridization(productionofhybrid
cellsbyfusionoftwoprotoplastswithdifferentgeneticmakeup)helpsin
evolvingnewcultivarsinashorttime.
f)Micropropagationfacilitateslongdistancetransportofpropagationmaterials
andlongtermstorageofclonalmaterials.
g)Tissueculturemethodsareparticularlyeffectiveinplantsthatdon‘tbreedtrue
fromseeds,seedsarenotviable(malesterile)ornotavailable(banana)andin
plantwherepropagationbyconventionalmethodsareexpensive(Orchids)
MistPropagation
•Mistpropagationinvolvessprayingofwaterintheformofmist,whichiseither
donecontinuouslyorintermittentlytomaintainhighhumidity.
•Theplantsproducedthroughtissuecultureorthesoftwoodleafycuttingsdo
notsurvive,whentransferredtoopenfieldconditions,primarilydueto
excessiveevaporativelossofwaterfromabovegroundportionof
plants/cuttings.
•Theexcessivelossofwaterfromleavesofcuttingsandfromthetendertissue
cultureplantscanbepreventedbyuseofmisting.
•Theaimofmistingistomaintaincontinuouslyafilmofwaterontheleaves,
thusreducingtranspirationandkeepingthecuttingsturgiduntilrootingtakes
place.
Advantages
•Thissystemkeepsleavescoolandmoist.Thismaintainsturgorpressureand
preventsfromwilting.Becauseoflackofrootscuttingsmustbekeptmoistto
ensuresurvival.
•Mistalsopreventsdiseaseinfectionincuttingsbywayofwashingofffungus
sporesbeforetheyattackthetissues.
•Thesuccessofthepropagationishighinmistpropagationstructureasthis
methodresultsinfasterrootingofthecuttings.
•CreateoptimumMicroclimateforbetterrootinitiationanddevelopment.
Highersuccessratefoundinpropagationofhardwoodcuttings.