Prosocial behaviour and altruistic Behaviour Determinants

Prosocial behaviour and altruistic Behaviour Determinants and Basic Concept

1. Dr Neeta Gupta Associate Professor Department of psychology Certified Practitioner of EFT & REBT (London) & CBT (Scotland) DAV PG College Dehradun Prosocial Behaviour

2. Prosocial behaviors are those intended to help other people. Behaviors that can be described as prosocial include  feeling empathy and concern for others . Prosocial behaviour includes a wide range of actions such as helping, sharing , comforting, and cooperating.

3. Examples of prosocial behavior might include:  A person donating money to charity , even though he/she receives no tangible benefit from doing so .

4. Why is prosocial behavior important? T he researchers found that on a given day prosocial behaviors   decreased the otherwise harmful effects of stress on positive affect, and overall mental health . In other words, by helping others during times of stress, we may actually be helping ourselves. So, within the general domain of prosocial behavior , other-oriented actions can be categorized into three distinct types Helping, Sharing, and Comforting .

5.   Benefits of Prosocial Behaviour: In addition to the obvious good that prosocial actions do for their recipients, these behaviors can have a range of beneficial effects for the "helper": Mood-boosting effects : Research has also shown that people who engage in prosocial behaviors are more likely to experience better moods .  Not only that, people who help others tend to experience negative moods less frequently .

6. Social support benefits :. Research has shown that social support can have a powerful impact on many aspects of wellness, including reducing the risk of loneliness, alcohol use, and depression. Stress-reducing effects : Research has also found that engaging in prosocial behaviors helps mitigate the negative emotional effects of stress.

7. Types of Prosocial Behaviour: Proactive : These are prosocial actions that serve self-benefitting purposes. Reactive : These are actions that are performed in response to individual needs. Altruistic : These include actions that are meant to help others without any expectations of personal gain .

8. Prosocial Behaviour vs Altruism Prosocial behaviour includes any act that helps or is designed to help others, regardless of the helpers motives. Altruism means an unselfish concern for the benefit and welfare of others, altruism means performing an act walantarily to help someone else when there is no expectation of reward in any form, accept the feeling of having done a good work.

9. Many Prosocial acts are not altruistic. If a young person volunteers to work without salary for building up his resume for future job opportunity, this behaviour is not altruistic. It is prosocial behaviour because he is extending help without any salary but behind this there is an internal motive to make his resume stronger.

10. Determinants of prosocial behaviour 1.Situational Factors: 1.The Bystander Effect: Characteristics of the situation can also have a powerful impact on whether or not people engage in prosocial actions. The bystander effect is one of the most notable examples of how the situation can impact helping behaviors . The bystander effect refers to the tendency for people to become less likely to assist a person in distress when there are a number of other people also present. For example, if you drop your purse and several items fall out on the ground, the likelihood that someone will stop and help you decreases if there are many other people present .

11. 1.Diffusion of Responsibilities 2.Interpreting the situation 3.Evaluation Apprehension 2. Modelling: Pro-social modelling is a simple and effective technique that can contribute to behaviour change in clients. It refers to the ways in which individuals working with involuntary clients can model and reinforce pro-social values to elicit similar values in their clients. 3. Similarity People are more likely to help others if they like them. To like someone, you must feel as if you share things in common. Thus, it is as if people are more likely to help when they can see themselves in the person needing help. Outside of personally knowing someone, we are more likely to help others that appear similar to ourselves.

12. This human instinct to help based on similarity can be used to elicit help through  mimicry . When a person needing help imitates another's actions (or speech patterns), it increases the probability of that person helping. Again, this goes back to the idea that we are more willing to help those who are similar to us . 4. Reward and Prosocial Behaviour: Frequency of doing prosocial behaviour May depend on the way in which similar Similar helping has been rewarded in The past. 5.Norms and Prosocial behaviour: Prosocial can be increased when the Rules or norms of the situation allow t he activity, which is consistent with helping victim.

13. 2.Personal Determinants: a . Personal benefits : Prosocial behaviors are often seen as being compelled by a number of factors including : doing things to improve one's self-image, reciprocal benefits (doing something nice for someone so that they may one day return the favor ), and more altruistic reasons (performing actions purely out of empathy for another individual ). b.Reciprocal behavior : The norm of reciprocity  suggests that when people do something helpful for someone else, that person feels compelled to help out in return. c.Socialization : In many cases, such behaviors are fostered during childhood and adolescence as adults encourage children to share, act kindly, and help others . 

14. d.Emotional States: Emotional states of the potential helper may be positive or negative. Positive emotional state creates good mood and negative emotional states create bad moods. People in good mood tend to display higher level of prosocial behaviour.

15. e. Personality Factors : Empathy: Person engaged in prosocial behaviour are high on the dimension of empathy. Such persons are self-controlled, tolerant and motivated to make a good impression before others. Social- Responsibilities: People engaged in prosocial behaviour believe that each and every person has responsibilities for doing his best to help others in need. Belief in Just World: Prosocial people perceive the world as a fair and predictable place in which good behaviour is rewarded and bad behaviour is punished. Such belief leads to the conclusion that helping those who are in need is a good deed and it will actually benefit the people who help.

16. Low Egocentrism: Prosocial behaviour do have Lower degree of egocentrism and are less self-absorbed and competitive Self-Efficacy: is the belief that one’s actions are likely to be successful. Once empathetic feelings are aroused, the belief that one can effectively help become crucial in setting helping behaviour in motion.

17. Other Factors: 1. Some People Are More Helpful Than Others: The Altruistic Personality 2. Gender Differences in Helping. Although believed that females are more but no real gender differences. 3. Are the Religious More Altruistic ? There is support, based on surveys and questionnaires, that religious people do indeed report being more helpful than the less religious ( Penner , 2002 ). There are plenty of reasons to think that this might be so. After all, every major religion preaches the importance of compassion and helpfulness 4. Attribution & Prosocial Behaviour Our perception of the amount of the need is important. We tend to provide less help to people who seem to have brought on their own problems or who don’t seem to be working very hard to solve them on their own.

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