Protected Cultivation and Secondary Agriculture (Introduction)

Protected Cultivation and Secondary Agriculture (Introduction)

1. BIRSA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Protected Cultivation and Secondary
Agriculture
LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION
BY
DR. PRAMOD RAI
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

2. Protected Cultivation
Protectedcultivationisaprocessofgrowing
cropsinacontrolledenvironment.
or
Protectedcultivationisthetechniqueof
providingfavorableenvironmentalorgrowth
conditionstotheplants.
or
Atechniquewhereinthemicroclimatearound
theplantiscontrolledfully,partiallyor
modifiedtoprotectthecropfromadverse
weather.

3. Objectives of Protected Cultivation
Fullycontrolled/partially/modifiedmicroclimate
aroundtheplant
Temperature:Air&soiltemperature(minimum&
maximum)
Light:Intensity,quality&duration
Relativehumidity
Carbondioxide
Excessmoisture,runoff&percolationloss
Waterloss&weedgrowth
Leachingoffertilizer
Insect&pest

4. Technologies for Protected Cultivation
Greenhouse
Otherprotectedstructure:Shadenetstructure,
Insectnetproofstructure
Plasticlowtunnel
Mulchingespeciallyplasticmulching
Soilsolarization
Drip&sprinklerirrigation
Fertigation
PlasticPro-tray

5. Advantages of Protected Cultivation
Higherproductivity
Betterqualityofproduce
Early&offseasoncultivation
Roundtheyearhealthynurseryraising&
hardeningplant
Betterinsect&diseasecontrol
Reducedusesofpesticides
Reducedusesofweedicide
Efficientusesofresources(Water/fertilizer)

6. Limitations of Protected Cultivation
Highcostofinitialinfrastructure(capitalcost).
Non-availabilityofskilledhumanpowerandtheir
replacementlocally.
Lackoftechnicalknowledgeofgrowingcropsunder
protectedstructures.
Alltheoperationsareveryintensiveandrequire
constanteffort.
Requiresclosesupervisionandmonitoring.
Afewpestsandsoil-bornepathogensaredifficultto
manage.
Repairandmaintenancearemajorhurdles.
Requiresassuredmarketing,sincetheinvestmentof
resourcesliketime,effortandfinances,isexpectedto
beveryhigh.

7. Secondary Agriculture
Valueadditiontoprimaryagriculture
productionsystems
Alternativeenterprises
Enterprisesthatusecropresiduesandwastesof
primaryagriculture

8. Value addition to Primary Agriculture Production
Systems
Inputs–Centric
Nurseryforhorticulturecrops/flowersetc.
Vermicompost,Bio-fertilisersproduction,Bio-
pesticides,Water,SoilTesting/Analysis,Animalfeed
/fodderproduction
Harvest/PostHarvest-Centric
Pre-conditioningproduceformarkets:Fruits,
vegetables,flowers,spices,etc.Assaying,packaging,
pre-coolinganddispatchhubs
MicroandSmallEnterprisesthatcanprocessthe
primaryagricultureproduce:garlicextracts/paste,
turmericpowder,pickles,jams,etc.

9. Alternative Enterprises
Enterprisesthatcangenerateincomewithout
competingfortheresources(landandmanpower)
employedinprimaryagriculture
MushroomProduction
BeeKeeping
Hydroponics
MahuaProducts
LacCultivation
BambooProducts
Manymore

10. Enterprises that use crop residues and wastes of
Primary Agriculture
Dunglogs,bio-gas,leatherextracts,etc.
FibreBoardsetc.,fromricestraw
Ureaenrichedfodderblockfromricestraws
Bananafibreextraction&products
Cutleryplatesfromwheathusk,arecanutleaves,Siali
leaves,etc.

11. Fresh produce supply chain management (farm to
fork/ farm to plate/farm to health)
Pre harvest management
Genetic material (seed/ planting material)
Agronomical management
Environment management
Post harvest management of fresh produce
Pre cooling
Sanitizing
Grading/ sorting
Packaging
Storage
retailing

12. Process food supply chain management (farm to
fork/ farm to plate/farm to health)
Pre harvest management
Genetic material (seed/ planting material)
Agronomical management
Environment management
Process food development
Selection of right food product
Selection of right raw materials
Selection of product technology
Selection of machinery
Product development
Marketing

13. Successful examples supply chain (fresh/process food)
FreshProduce
TheGlobalGreenCompany(gherkins)
INIFarms(Pomgranate)
MahindraGreenyard(freshfruits&vegetables)
ProcessFood
PespsicoIndia(Layschipsetc.)
HindustanUnileverLimited(kissanKatchups)
ITCLimited(Aashirvaadatta)
GujaratCo-operativeMilkMarketingFederationLtd.
(Amul)

14. Missing link
Pre harvest Post Harvest (fresh produce/process food)
SoilScience&Agricultural
Chemistry
AgriculturalEngineering(Processingand
FoodEngineeringFarmMachineryand
PowerEngineering,RenewableEnergy
Engineering)
Agronomy Horticulture(PostHarvestEngineering)
PlantBreeding&Genetics FoodTechnology(productdevelopment,
Chemistry,Microbiologyetc.)
Horticulture(Fruit,vegetable&
floor)
Animalhusbandry(Diary,Fishery,meat
productetc.)
PlantPathology Forestry(NTFP)
Entomology HomeScience(Nutrition)
PlantPhysiology MechanicalEngineer
AgriculturePhysics ChemicalEngineer
AgriculturalEngineering(Soiland
WaterConservatonEngineering,
Irrigationand Drainage
Engineering,FarmMachineryand
PowerEngineering,Renewable
EnergyEngineering)
Electrical&electronicsEngineer

15. Protected Cultivation and Secondary Agriculture (Theory classes)
S.N. Contents ClassProfessor
1.Greenhousetechnology:Introduction 1Dr. Pramod
Rai2.TypesofGreenHouses 1
3.PlantresponsetoGreenhouseenvironment 1
4.Planninganddesignofgreenhouses 1
5.Designcriteriaofgreenhouseforcoolingandheatingpurposes 1
6.Greenhouseequipments,materialsofconstructionfortraditional
andlowcostgreenhouses
1
7.Irrigationsystemsusedingreenhouses 1
8.Typicalapplications,passivesolargreenhouse,hotairgreenhouse
heatingsystems,greenhousedrying.
1
9.Costestimationandeconomicanalysis 1
10.ImportantEngineeringpropertiessuchasphysical,thermalof
cereals,pulsesandoilseed,
2Dr. Md. I. A.
Ansari
11.Aero&hydrodynamicpropertiesofcereals,pulsesandoilseed, 1
12.TheirapplicationinPHTequipmentdesignandoperation. 1
13.Dryinganddehydration;moisturemeasurement,EMC 1Dr. Chhaya
14.Dryingtheory,variousdryingmethod,commercialgraindryer
(deepbeddryer)
1
15.Flatbeddryer,traydryer,fluidizedbeddryer,recirculatorydryer
andsolardryer
1
16.Materialhandlingequipment;conveyerandelevators,their
principle,workingandselection.
2
Total theory classes 18

16. Practical classes
S.N. Contents ClassProfessor
1.Studyofdifferenttypeofgreenhousesbasedon
shape
3 Dr.
Pramod
Rai
2.Determinetherateofairexchangeinanactive
summerwintercoolingsystem
2
3.Studyofgreenhouseequipments 2
4.Determinationofdryingrateofagricultural
productsinsidegreenhouse
2
5.Determinationofengineeringproperties(shape
andsize,bulkdensityandporosityof
biomaterials)
2 Dr. Md.
I. A.
Ansari
6.DeterminationofMoisturecontentofvarious
grainsbymoisturemeter
2
7.VisittovariousPostHarvestLaboratories 2 Dr.
Chhaya8.DeterminationofMoisturecontentofvarious
grainsbyovendrying&infraredmoisture
methods
2
9.Fieldvisittoseedprocessingplant 1
Total practical classes 18

17. Protected Cultivation[B.Sc. (Hons) Agriculture, elective: 2+1]
Protectedcultivation-importanceandscope
StatusofprotectedcultivationinIndiaandWorldtypesofprotected
structurebasedonsiteandclimate.
Claddingmaterialinvolvedingreenhouse/polyhouse.
Greenhousedesign,environmentcontrol,artificiallights,
Automation.
Soilpreparationandmanagement,Substratemanagement.
Typesofbenchesandcontainers.
Irrigationandfertigationmanagement.
Propagationandproductionofqualityplantingmaterialof
horticulturalcrops.
Greenhousecultivationofimportanthorticulturalcrops–rose,
carnation,chrysanthemum,gerbera,orchid,anthurium,lilium,tulip,
tomato,bellpepper,cucumber,strawberry,potplants,etc.
Cultivationofeconomicallyimportantmedicinalandaromaticplants.
Off-seasonproductionofflowersandvegetables.
Insectpestanddiseasemanagement.

18. Hi-tech. Horticulture[B.Sc. (Hons) Agriculture, elective: 2+1]
Introduction&importance
Nurserymanagementandmechanization
MicropropagationofHorticulturalcrops
Modernfieldpreparationandplantingmethods
Protectedcultivation:advantages,controlledconditions,methodand
techniques
Microirrigationsystemsanditscomponents
EC,pHbasedfertilizerscheduling
Canopymanagement
Highdensityorcharding
Componentsofprecisionfarming:Remotesensing,Geographical
InformationSystem(GIS),DifferentialGeo-positioningSystem
(DGPS),VariableRateapplicator(VRA)
Applicationofprecisionfarminginhorticulturalcrops(fruits,
vegetablesandornamentalcrops)
Mechanizedharvestingofproduce

19. Precision Farming & Protected Cultivation [B.Sc.
(Hons) Horticulture, regular: 2+1]
Precisionfarming–laserleveling,mechanizeddirectseedsowing
Seedlingandsaplingtransplanting,mappingofsoilsandplantattributes,site
specificinputapplication,weedmanagement
Insectpestsanddiseasemanagement,yieldmappinginhorticulturalcrops
Greenhousetechnology,Introduction,TypesofGreenHouses;Plant
responsetoGreenhouseenvironment
Planninganddesignofgreenhouses,Designcriteriaofgreenhousefor
coolingandheatingpurposes
Greenhouseequipment,materialsofconstructionfortraditionalandlowcost
greenhouses
Irrigationsystemsusedingreenhouses,Typicalapplications,passivesolar
greenhouse,hotairgreenhouseheatingsystems,greenhousedrying
Costestimationandeconomicanalysis
Choiceofcropsforcultivationundergreenhouses,problems/constraintsof
greenhousecultivationandfuturestrategies
Growingmedia,soilculture,typeofsoilrequired,drainage,floodingand
leaching,soilpasteurizationinpeatmossandmixtures,rockwoolandother
inertmedia
Nutrientfilmtechnique(NFT)/hydroponics

20. Plastic Applications in Agriculture [B.Tech (Agril.
Engg.),elective: 2+1]
Introductionofplasticulture-typesandqualityofplasticsusedinsoilandwater
conservation,productionagricultureandpostharvestmanagement.Qualitycontrol
measures.PresentstatusandfutureprospectiveofplasticultureinIndia.
Watermanagement-useofplasticsinin-situmoistureconservationandrainwater
harvesting.Plasticfilmliningincanal,pondandreservoir.Plasticpipesforirrigation
watermanagement,bore-wellcasingandsubsurfacedrainage.
Dripandsprinklerirrigationsystems.Useofpolymersincontrolofpercolationlosses
infields.
Soilconditioning-soilsolarisation,effectsofdifferentcolourplasticmulchingin
surfacecoveredultivation.
Nurserymanagement-Useofplasticsinnurseryraising,nurserybags,traysetc.
Controlledenvironmentalcultivation-plasticsascladdingmaterial,green/poly/
shadenethouses,windbreaks,polytunnelsandcropcovers.Plasticnetsforcrop
protection-antiinsectnets,birdprotectionnets.Plasticfencing.
Plasticsindrying,preservation,handlingandstorageofagriculturalproduce,
innovativeplasticpackagingsolutionsforprocessedfoodproducts.
Plasticcapcoversforstorageoffoodgrainsinopen.
Useofplasticsasalternatematerialformanufacturingfarmequipmentand
machinery.Plasticsforaquaculturalengineeringandanimalhusbandry-animal
shelters,vermi-bedsandinlandfisheries.
Silagefilmtechniqueforfodderpreservation.
Agenciesinvolvedinthepromotionofplasticultureinagricultureatnationalandstate
level.Humanresourcedevelopmentinplasticutlureapplications.

21. Precision Farming Techniques for Protected Cultivation
[B.Tech (Agril. Engg.),elective: 2+1]
Protectedcultivation:Introduction,History,origin,development,NationalandInternational
Scenario,componentsofgreenhouse,perspective
Typesofgreenhouses,polyhouses/shednets,Claddingmaterials
Plantenvironmentinteractions–principlesoflimitingfactors,solarradiationandtranspiration,
greenhouseeffect,light,temperature,relativehumidity,carbondioxideenrichment
Designandconstructionofgreenhouses–siteselection,orientation,design,construction,
designforventilationrequirementusingexhaustfansystem,selectionofequipment
Greenhousecoolingsystem–necessity,methods–ventilationwithroofandsideventilators,
evaporativecooling,differentshadingmaterialfogging,combinedfoggingandfanpadcooling
system,designofcoolingsystem,maintenanceofcoolingandventilationsystems,padcareetc.
Greenhouseheating–necessity,components,methods,designofheatingsystem
Rootmedia–types–soilandsoillessmedia,composition,estimation,preparationand
disinfection,bedpreparation
Plantingtechniquesingreenhousecultivation.Irrigationingreenhouseandnethouse–Water
quality,typesofirrigationsystem,components,design,installationandmaterialrequirement
Foggingsystemforgreenhousesandnethouses–introduction,benefits,design,installationand
materialrequirement.Maintenanceofirrigationandfoggingsystems.
Fertilization–nutrientdeficiencysymptomsandfunctionsofessentialnutrientelements,
principlesofselectionofproperapplicationoffertilizers,fertilizerscheduling,rateof
applicationoffertilizers,methods,automatedfertilizerapplication
Greenhouseclimatemeasurement,controlandmanagement
Insectanddiseasemanagementingreenhouseandnethouses,Selectionofcropsforgreenhouse
cultivation,majorcropsingreenhouse–irrigationrequirement,fertilizermanagement,
cultivation,harvestingandpostharvesttechniques
Economicanalysis

22. Precision Agriculture and System Management
[B.Tech (Agril. Engg.), elective: 2+1]
PrecisionAgriculture–needandfunctionalrequirements.
Familiarizationwithissuesrelatingtonaturalresources.
Familiarizationwithequipmentforprecisionagricultureincluding
sowingandplantingmachines,powersprayers,landclearing
machines,laserguidedlandlevellers,strawchopper,straw-balers,
graincombines,etc.
IntroductiontoGISbasedprecisionagricultureanditsapplications.
Introductiontosensorsandapplicationofsensorsfordata
generation.Databasemanagement.
Systemconcept.Systemapproachinfarmmachinerymanagement,
problemsonmachineryselection,maintenanceandschedulingof
operations.ApplicationtoPERTandCPMformachinerysystem
management

23. Course Coverage
Teaching(Classroom):PPT,lecturenotes,
Basicbooksetc.
Practical(Labexperiments,fieldexperiments,
farmer’sfieldvisitetc.)
Assignments(Reading,IndividualAssignment,
GroupAssignment)
Numericalproblems

24. Assignments (Group Assignment, Batch: 2016-17)
Effectofdripirrigationonqualityoffruitsand
vegetables
Effectoffertigationonthequalityoffruitsand
vegetables
Effectofplasticmulchingonthequalityoffruits
andvegetables
EffectsofPlasticMulchingonDiseaseandPest
Management

25. Student READY (Rural and Entrepreneurship Awareness
Development Yojana)
ExperientialLearning(EL)
RuralAgricultureWorkExperience(RAWE)
PlantTraining/IndustrialAttachment
Hands-onTraining(HOT)/SkillDevelopment
Training
StudentsProjects

26. Government Initiative
StartupIndia
CentralGovernmentinitiativeforstartup
States’startuppolicies
Connectwithincubators
Connectwithcorporates/accelerators
Connectwithmentors
Connectwithinvestors
SkillIndia
AgricultureSkillCouncilofIndia
FoodIndustryCapacity&SkillInitiative

27. Educational Institute Initiative
EntrepreneurshipCell(EC)
Itinvitesvariouseminententrepreneurstodeliverlecturesto
educatestudentsaboutthejoysandhardshipsofentrepreneurship.
GuestLectures,BusinessPlanworkshops,Casestudyworkshops,
patentworkshopsareconductedthroughouttheyeartoinvolve
studentsinactivitiesthatareessentialtoanentrepreneur.
IncubationCell(IC)
TheICaimstobuildandshareresourcesincludingspaceand
infrastructure,accesstobusinesssupportservices,mentoring,
trainingprogrammestoenhancetheskillsofentrepreneursand
seedfunds.
Thescopeofsupportisbroad-based,andcoverstechnologies/IP
developedwhollyattheInstituteorpartlythroughcollaborations
elsewhere,aswellasexternalstart-upswithwhichInstitute
membersareassociatedasconsultantsormentors.

28. Books
BasicCoverage
HandBookofAgriculturalEngineering
HandBookofHorticulture
HandBookofAgriculture
TextBook
GreenHouseTechnologyforaControlledEnvironment(Indian)
GreenhouseOperationandManagement(Foreign)
GreenhouseTechnologyandManagement(Foreign)
AdvancedBook
GreenhouseTechnology:Fundamentals,Design,Modellingand
Applications(Indian)
PlantNutritionofGreenhouseCrops(Foreign)
Greenhouseclimatecontrol:anintegratedapproach(Foreign)
GreenhouseDesignandControl(Foreign)
AdvancesinProtectedCultivation(Foreign)
PolymersinAgricultureandHorticulture(Foreign)

29. E-learning
www.ecoursesonline.iari.rec.in
e-krishishikha
e-agriculture
NAPTEL
Swayam
SodhGangotri
Materialsdevelopedbyindividual
Professor
Materialsdevelopedbyinstitution
(Public/Private)

30. Government Policies
MissionforIntegratedDevelopmentofHorticulture
(MIDH)isaCentrallySponsoredSchemeforthe
holisticgrowthofthehorticulturesectorcovering
fruits,vegetables,root&tubercrops,mushrooms,
spices,flowers,aromaticplants,coconut,cashew,cocoa
andbamboo.
PradhanMantriKrishiSinchayeeYojana(Pmksy),
CentrallySponsoredSchemewiththemottoof‘HarKhet
KoPaani’.Thereisaneedforseriouslyconsideringall
optionsincludinglinkingofrivers,wherefeasible;for
ensuringoptimaluseofourwaterresourcestopreventthe
recurrenceoffloodanddrought.
Byharnessingrainwaterthrough‘JalSanchay’and‘Jal
Sinchan’,nurturewaterconservationandgroundwater
recharge.Microirrigationwillbepopularizedto
ensure‘Perdrop-Morecrop.

31. Academic Institutes
India
IIT,Kharagpur(MHRD)
CIAE,Bhopal,ICAR
CFTRI,CSIR
AICRPonPET(PlasticultureEngineering&Technology)
PFDC(MinisterofAgriculture&FarmersWelfare)
World
CenterforControlledEnvironmentAgriculture,Cook
College,RutgersUniversity,US
Controlled Environment Agriculture Center, The
University of Arizona, US
Centre for Horticulture and Landscape, School of Plant
Science, University of Reading, UK
AgricultureResearchOrganization,Isreal
WageningenUniversity&Research,Netherlands

32. Private Sectors
NetafimIrrigationIndiaPvt.Ltd.,Isreal
JainIrrigationSystems,Jalgaon,India
MahindraEPCIrrigationLtd.,M&M
CaptainPolyplastLimited,Rajkot,Gujrat
DineshIrrigationPvt.Ltd.
PremierIrrigationAdritecPvtLtd,Kolkata
EssenMultipackLimited,Rajkot
AgriplastTechIndiaPvt.Ltd.,Bengaluru,
Karnataka

33. Business News Paper & Magazine
NewsPaper
Economicstimes
BusinessStandard
BusinessLine
FinancialExpress
Mint
Magazine
BusinessToday(Fortnightly,LivingMediaIndia
Limited)
BusinessIndia(Fortnightly,BusinessIndiaPublications
Ltd
OutlookBusiness(OutlookPublishing(India)Pvt.Ltd.
BusinessWorld
ForbesIndia

34. Business News Channel
Hindi
CNBCAwaaz(TV18NBCUniversal)
ZeeBusiness(ZeeMediaCorporationLtd.)
English
ETNow(TheTimesGroup)
CNBCTV18(TV18NBCUniversal)
NDTVprofit(NDTVgroupIndia)
BTVi(BusinessBroadcastNewsPvt.Ltd)

35. National Journal
S. N. Journal Society Publisher
1.Journal of
Agricultural
Engineering
IndianSocietyof
AgriculturalEngineers
IndianSocietyof
AgriculturalEngineers
2.Agricultural
EngineeringToday
IndianSocietyof
AgriculturalEngineers
IndianSocietyof
AgriculturalEngineers
3.IndianJournalof
Horticulture
TheHorticulturalSociet
y of India
ICAR-IndianInstituteof
HorticulturalResearch
Bengaluru
4.VegetableScienceIndianSocietyof
VegetableScience
IndianInstituteof
VegetableResearch,
PostBagNo-1,
Po-Jakhini
(Shahanshpur)
Varanasi-UP
5.JournalofFood
Science and
Technology(JFST)
AssociationofFood
Scientists and
TechnologistsofIndia
(AFSTI)
Springer

36. International Journal
S. N. Journal Society Publisher
1.ScientiaHorticulturae - Elsevier
2.AppliedEngineeringin
Agriculture
AmericanSocietyof
AgriculturalandBiological
Engineers
-
3.JournalofAgriculturalSafety
andHealth
AmericanSocietyof
AgriculturalandBiological
Engineers
-
4.TransactionsoftheASABE AmericanSocietyof
AgriculturalandBiological
Engineers
-
5.Agricultural Water
Management
- Elsevier
6.HortTechnology AmericanSocietyfor
HorticulturalScience
-
7.HortScience AmericanSocietyfor
HorticulturalScience
-
8.JournalofAmericanSociety
forHorticulturalScience
AmericanSocietyfor
HorticulturalScience
-
9.Biosystemsengineering - Elsevier
10.JournalofBiosystems
Engineering
TheKoreanSocietyfor
AgriculturalMachinery
Springer

37. Professional Society
Indian
IndianSocietyofAgriculturalEngineers
TheHorticulturalSocietyofIndia
IndianSocietyofVegetableScience,Varanasi
AssociationofFoodScientistsandTechnologistsof
India(AFSTI)
International
AmericanSocietyofAgriculturalandBiological
Engineers
AmericanSocietyforHorticulturalScience

38. Video materials (Developed by educational institute/private
company, Individual, youtubes etc.)
BenefitsofPlasticulturefarmersexperienceinfield
(https://youtu.be/X0tUNARpKN0)
Okracultivationduringrainyseason(https://youtu.be/8d33VToqHU0)
Polytunnelforgrowingofvegetablesnurseryatfarmer’sfield
(https://youtu.be/EZFpfdYaC2c)
ImplementationofPlasticultureTechnologyinJharkhand
(https://youtu.be/abhV_-zQ_Wg)
Protectedcultivation(https://youtu.be/BTWGBrHJD4o)
Lowcosttemporaryshadenetstructure(https://youtu.be/PhZmEyKXEY4)
Lowcostdetachableroofgreenhouse(GH)(https://youtu.be/fy1U3Y759l8)
Lowcostmultipurposegreenhouse(MGH)(https://youtu.be/Xbyq8U9TUaE)
LowCostPlasticLowTunnel-प्ऱास्टिक का गुफा नुमा घर
(https://youtu.be/XCJrqvmFqrk)
SelectionofPlasticmulchforvegetableCultivation
(https://youtu.be/qIxUO1hWHD4)
फऱों को पकायें सिफफ 2पैिे प्रति ककऱो |LowCostRipeningChamber
(https://youtu.be/9cc9vqlk-p0)

39. Other ways for learning
Industrialexposure:visittoindustries,industrial
trainingetc.
Learningplatform:Byju’s,Unacademy,vedantu
&maymore
Onlineclasses&conferencing:Googlemeet,
Microsoftteam,Webex,Jio,airtel&manymore
Patents:Sourceofknowledge
Casestudies
Others

40. Ways to enhance farmers income
Increasingtheyield
Enhancingthequality
EarlyProduction
Offseasoncultivation
Propermarketing(local/withinIndia/outside
India)
Storageoffreshproduceforoffseason
consumption(apple/potatoetc.)
Growingthefreshproduceforprocessedfood

41. Increasing the yield
Theyieldcanbeincreasedbyselectingrightvariety,
betteragronomicalmanagementandproper
managementofenvironment.
Thereisneedtostudythevariationofyieldofany
crop(e.g.tomato)inJharkhand,Indiaandoutside
India.
TheyieldoftomatoinJharkhandunderconventional
methodofcultivationisreportedisupto20t/ha.
ThereportedyieldoftomatoinJharkhand(around40
t/ha),India(around40-60t/ha)andoutsideIndia
(around130t/ha)underdripirrigationwithfertigation
underplasticmulch
ThereportedyieldoftomatoinIndia(around140-180
t/ha)andoutsideIndia(around500t/ha&upto1000
t/ha)underhi-techgreenhousecondition.

42. Increasing the quality
Thequalitycanbeincreasedbyselectingright
variety,betteragronomicalmanagementand
propermanagementofenvironment.
TilldateinIndia,wehavemainlyfocusedon
onlyenhancingtheyieldandnotgivenproper
emphasisonqualityofproduce.
Itiswelldocumentedthatthequalityof
producecanbeenhancedbyselectingright
variety,properdripirrigationwithfertigation,
plasticmulching,protectedcultivationetc.
Itiswellknownthatqualityofanyproduce
cannotbeimprovedafterharvesting,atbestit
canonlybemaintained.

43. Early Production
Normallytheselectionofcropisdonebased
onenvironmentconditionsinopenfield
conditions.
Duetoabovereasonthegrowersdonotrealize
thebetterpricefortheirproducedueplayof
supply&demandofproduce.
Theearlyproductionofperishablecrops
(vegetables)canbedoneusingplasticulture
technologies(protraynurserygrowingunder
plasticlowtunnel,dripirrigationwith
fertigation,plasticmulchingandplasticlow
tunnel).

44. Off season cultivation
Itiswellknownthatwecangrowanycrop
anywhereinanyseasonbyprovidingthe
environmentalconditionsaccordingtocrop
requirement.
Theoffseasoncultivationcanbedoneusing
plasticulturetechnologies(protraynursery
growingunderplasticlowtunnel,drip
irrigationwithfertigation,plasticmulching,
plasticlowtunnel,protectedstructure).
Butthereisneedtoascertainthedemandof
cropthoseneedtobecultivatedandeconomics
ofcropcultivation.

45. Proper marketing (local/ within India/ outside India)
Themarketingofperishableproduceisoneofthe
majorbottlenecksinrealizingthebetterpriceof
freshproduce.
Thereisneedtoreducethemiddlemaninsupply
chainoffreshproducei.e.removingthemiddleman
betweensellerandconsumer.
Thereisneedtogrowthecropsaccordingto
requirementsofendconsumer(i.e.local,within
IndiaandoutsideIndia),becausepackageof
practicewillvaryaccordingtoneedofend
consumer.
Thereisneedtofocusone-marketing,suchase-
NAM.

46. Storage of fresh produce for off season
consumption (apple/ potato etc.)
Therearedifferenttypeofstoragestructureand
costofstoragevariesbasedoncontrolsystem
used.
Sometimeproducearestoredfortransientperiod
afterharvestingthefreshproduce,whichcanbe
temperaturecontrolledorbasedonevaporative
cooling.
Thereareveryfewfreshproducewhicharestored
duringproductionseasonforfuturerequirement
andconsumption.
Normallyfreshproducestoredforfuture
consumptionareapple,potato,carrot,tamarind,
mahuaetc.

47. Growing the fresh produce for processed food
Thereisneedtoclearlydefinethepurposeoffresh
producei.e.itisgrownforfreshpurposeor
processedfood.
Basedonrequirement(freshorprocessedfood),
theseedvarietywillvary.
Theagronomicalmanagementpracticeswillbe
differentforfreshorprocessedfood.
Normallythecultivationforprocessedfoodis
doneinconsultationwithfoodprocessing
company.
Normallyallthebigfoodprocessingcompaniesgo
forcontactfarmingtosecurethequantityand
qualityofrawmaterialsrequiredforprocessing
purpose.

48. Ifyouhaveanyquestion/suggestion
Mailme:[email protected]
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