Pseudo cereals and their response under changing environment

Pseudo cereals, crop physiology, quinoa, amaranth, lupines, nutrition in Quinoa, agriculture, agronomy, glutin free

1. PSEUDO-CEREALS AND THEIR RESPONSE UNDER CHANGING ENVIRONMENT CP-712 HAFIZ MUHAMMAD ZAKRIYA ALVI 2003-ag-1646 Department of Crop Physiology University of agriculture faisalabad

2. Contents Introduction History Adaptability and climate change Resistibility Nutritional aspects Diversity and variability

3. Introduction Pseudo-cereals Quinoa Amaranth Buckwheat Lupines

4. History Quinoa Ancient crop of the Incas In 1996, quinoa was classified by FAO as one of humanity’s most promising crops Pseudocereal - Close relative of spinach Well studied Good conservation Use: seeds (less leaves)

5. History Centre of origin: High Andes from Colombia to Argentina Major crops for the pre-Colombian cultures in Latin America Rediscover in 1970 at high altitude after destruction in 1500’s Introduced in Pakistan in 2008

6. History LUPINES Lupines have a long history in human nutrition: seeds were very popular with the Romans,in the Incan empire, and are nowadays commonly used in Greece, Portugal, Italy, Egypt and Brazil Buckwheat - Fagopyrum tataricum A pseudo-cereal, belongs to tatars Originates from Northern India and China To Europe in the 16th century

7. Adaptability and climate change Temperature range: -8 °C to 38°C Humidity from 40% to 90% not much nutrients needed Gives highly variable yields Tolerates saline soils Highly water efficient plant (l ow rainfall levels (100-200mm) Low input crop Established in areas unsuitable for other crops

8. Adaptability and climate change Due to its roots entering deep in the ground, does not require strong fertilization (lupines) Short growing season Climate proof crops Resistbility against salinity

9. Nutritional aspects Ideal amino acid combination The protein content of pseudo cereals is higher than in cereals species The high content of arginine and histidine, both essential for infants and children, makes amaranth and quinoa interesting for the nutrition of children The fat content of pseudo cereals is also higher compared to most cereal species Amaranth contains a high amount of squalene.

10. Nutritional aspects Squalene are widely used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications

11. Minerals The content of minerals (ash) in amaranth and quinoa is about twice as high as in other cereals High amounts of calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium Vitamins the content of thiamine in amaranth is higher than in wheat Both amaranth and quinoa are good sources of riboflavin, vitamin C and in particular of folic acid and vitamin E Folic acid has been found in amounts of 78.1 µg/100 g in quinoa and 102 µg/100 g in amaranth, 2.5 times higher than in wheat (40 µg/100 g)

12. Vitamins The vitamins B2 and B6 are also present in buckwheat seeds High concentration of phenolic compounds

13. Chemical composition(% dry mass) component Amaranth Quinoa Buckwheat Wheat Protein 15.2 13.3 10.9 11.7 Starch 67.3 69.0 67.2 61.0 Fat 8.0 7.5 2.7 2.0 Ash 3.2 2.6 1.59 1.8

14. Lupines Blue lupin in human diet Only seeds can be used for nutritional purposes Use in human nutrition is in early stages in High protein content (over 30 % in the bean) High levels of fiber (polygalactan) Low levels of starch Oleic acid Is a potential allergen Health effects Short chain amino acids reduce blood pressure and cholesterol

15. Diversity and variability Grain color(66 colors) Vegetative cycle(110-210 days) Protein content of grain(10.2-18.39) Perception of being food of poor's has changed in recent years

16. Thanks