psm epidemiology revision tests_epid2.pptx

epidemiology revision tests

1. Revision Test E pidemiology - 2

2. Epidemiology – 2 Time – 40 min Max Marks – 40 Define ‘reservoir’ and differentiate it from ‘source’. (5) Describe uses of epidemiology in brief. (5) Discuss steps in the conduct of an RCT. (10) Write short notes on the following: (20) Types of disinfection Secondary attack rate Cold chain AEFI

3. Solutions

4. Reservoir and source Reservoir – Any person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil or substance in which an infectious agent lives and multiplies , on which it depends primarily for survival , and where it reproduces itself in such manner that it can be transmitted to a susceptible host . N atural habitat where the organism metabolizes & replicates. Source The person, animal, object or substance from which an infectious agent is disseminated to the host.

5. Uses of epidemiology To study historically the rise and fall of diseases in the population Community diagnosis Planning and evaluation Evaluation of individual’s risks and chances Syndrome identification Completing the natural history of disease Searching for causes and risk factors

6. Steps in the conduct of an RCT An experimental study Basic steps in the conduct include Drawing up a protocol Selecting reference& experimental population Randomization Intervention or Manipulation Follow-up Assessment of outcome

7. Types of disinfection Concurrent disinfection Terminal disinfection Precurrent or Prophylactic disinfection

8. Secondary attack rate Secondary attack rate No. of exposed persons developing disease within range of IP following exposure to primary case Example Uses Limitations  

9. Cold chain Cold chain is a system of storage & transportation of vaccines at recommended low temperature (+2 to 8 C) all along from the time and place of manufacture to the time and place of its use. It consists of a series of transportation links with eqpts & persons concerned from manufacturer to the point of use. Longer the chain, greater is the risk of failure.

10. Cold chain Cold chain equipments Classification Equipment Location Storage Walk-in cooler/ Walk-in freezer At manufacturer Deep freezer State & Dist HQ; Teaching hospitals Refrigerators (ILR/ Conventional) PHC Refrigerators Subcentre Vaccine carrier Subcentre and village level Transportation Refrigerated/ Insulated Vaccine van Facility to facility transport Cold box/ Vaccine carrier/ day carrier In field

11. AEFI – Adverse Events Following Immunization An AEFI is any unfavourable or unintended sign, abnormal laboratory finding, symptom or disease observed following immunization. Some may be due to the vaccine , some due to error in the administration of the vaccine , and some are the result of unrelated coincidence . An adverse vaccine reaction refers to events caused or precipitated by the vaccine when given correctly, caused by the inherent properties of the vaccine, is a subset of AEFI.

12. AEFI – Adverse Events Following Immunization C omponents of vaccine that contribute to the risk of AEFI: Antigens, Stabilizers, Adjuvants, Preservatives, Antibiotics An AEFI is considered serious, if it: results in death , is life-threatening , requires in-patient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity , requires intervention to prevent permanent impairment or damage Management of AEFI Ensure availability of emergency drugs, ensure clinical case management of AEFIs and referral to the next level if required. Reporting of AEFI