Psychological Disorders and Parts of the Brain.pptx

The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system. It is the most complex organ in the body, composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem, and plays a role in every bodily function. The brain's cortex is divided into two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum.
Each hemisphere contains the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures. The lobes of the cerebrum are divisions of the cerebral cortex based on major gyri and sulci. The folding of the brain increases its surface area, allowing more matter to fit inside the skull.

1. Brain

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3. Brain The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system. It is the most complex organ in the body, composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem, and plays a role in every bodily function. The brain's cortex is divided into two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. Each hemisphere contains the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures. The lobes of the cerebrum are divisions of the cerebral cortex based on major gyri and sulci. The folding of the brain increases its surface area, allowing more matter to fit inside the skull.

4. Brain lobes The brain is traditionally divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.

5. Functions of lobes Although brain functions rely on many regions working in conjunction, each lobe carries out certain functions.

6. Frontal Lobe Frontal Lobe The frontal lobe is a vital part of the brain located in the front portion of the cerebral hemisphere. It is responsible for various functions such as planning and coordinating movement, higher-level cognitive functioning, and language production. One well-known case of frontal lobe damage is that of Phineas Gage, a railway worker who suffered personality changes after an accident that damaged much of his left frontal lobe. Functions of the Frontal lobe: The frontal lobe is a crucial part of the brain where higher executive functions, such as emotional regulation, planning, reasoning, and problem-solving, occur. Personality changes are often the first signs of frontotemporal dementia, which affects the frontal lobe.

7. Parietal Lobe The parietal lobe, located behind the frontal lobe, processes sensory information for two-point discrimination. Certain areas of the body are more sensitive to detecting distinct points. To test the parietal lobe's function, a caliper or folded paperclip can be used to check a subject's ability to discern two points with closed eyes. Regions of the parietal lobe: The parietal lobe has three regions: the postcentral gyrus, the superior parietal lobule, and the inferior parietal lobule. The postcentral gyrus is the primary somatosensory cortex and processes sensory information. The superior parietal lobule contributes to sensorimotor integration, while the inferior parietal lobule contributes to auditory and language functions. Functions of parietal lobe Areas in the parietal lobe integrate sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pressure, and pain.

8. Temporal Lobe The temporal lobe is named for its location near the temporal region of the skull. It is separated from the frontal and parietal lobes by the lateral sulcus. The lobe extends from the lateral sulcus downward to the underside of the cerebral cortex and contains three gyri: superior, middle, and inferior. The primary auditory area receives auditory information, while the middle and inferior temporal gyri are responsible for visual perception, including face recognition in the inferior temporal gyrus. Function: The temporal lobe, near the temples, processes sensory information related to hearing, language recognition, and memory formation. It includes the auditory cortex for processing auditory information and Wernicke's area for speech comprehension. Damage to Broca's area affects language production, while damage to Wernicke's area affects language comprehension.

9. Occipital Lobe The occipital lobe, located at the back of the brain, processes visual information and contains the primary visual cortex. It is separated from the parietal lobe by the parieto-occipital sulcus and from the temporal lobe by the lateral parietal-temporal line. The lobe has three gyri - superior, middle, and inferior occipital gyri - and is organized retinotopically. The calcarine sulcus divides it into the cuneate gyrus and the lingual gyrus, marking the location of the primary visual cortex responsible for visual perception. Functions: The occipital lobe is the brain's main visual processing center , divided into the primary visual cortex and the visual association cortex. It is responsible for interpreting visual images and processing basic visual information like shape, color , and motion. The occipital lobe plays a crucial role in various visual functions, including color determination, facial recognition, depth perception, visuospatial processing, and memory formation.

10. Psychological Disorders and Parts of the Brain Mental illness is a health condition that affects a person's thinking, feelings, or behavior, causing distress and difficulty in functioning. It varies in severity from mild to severe. The brain is central to understanding mental disorders. Various mental illnesses, such as depression, schizophrenia, ADHD, autism, and OCD, impact a person's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in distinct ways.

11. Brain and Depression Studies on major depressive disorder show that individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder have lower gray matter volume in several brain regions than other people. These parts are the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and anterior cingulate cortex. So, the decision-making and cognitive control of depression patients are affected. And there are higher degrees of folding in the cortex in certain areas.

12. Brain and anxiety disorders Anxiety is influenced by the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. Schizophrenia patients show anomalies in the amygdala's function, the temporoparietal junction, and other brain regions.

13. Brain and autism The autism spectrum disorder (ASD) includes a wide range of symptoms and certain brain traits have been identified in some ASD patients. For example, some individuals with autism have larger brain volume and abnormal brain activity in response to emotional stimuli. Abnormal brain connections have also been found in areas associated with social processing, language processing, and executive functioning.

14. brain and more than one disorder : Neuroscientists link certain brain traits to illnesses, though some aspects of brain structure and function are connected to various ailments. For example, anxiety disorders and schizophrenia are associated with increased activity in emotion-processing brain areas and decreased activity in the frontal lobe. There are also neurological similarities between anxiety and mood disorders. Additionally, while epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis are classified as neurological diseases, they are recognized as brain disorders. Ongoing research suggests that mental diseases have a genetic component and are related to brain chemistry, structure, and function, blurring the distinctions between mental illnesses and other brain-related problems.

15. References https://courses.lumenlearning.com/waymaker-psychology/chapter/reading-parts-of-the-brain/ https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/lumenpsychology/chapter/reading-parts-of-the-brain/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10420428/ https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/lobes-brain https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/neuroscience/the-brain-and-common-psychiatric-disorders#:~:text=For%20example%2C%20elevated%20activity%20in,including%20anxiety%20disorders%20and%20schizophrenia .