Psychology and sports- Class 12 .C.B.S.E. Physical Education

Health and Physical Education.Class 12.CBSE.
Unit -9.2020-21

1. Class 12 Health and Physical Education Psychology and sports Unit-9 Rationalized syllabus

2. Psychology and sports Psychology The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behaviour in a given context. Sport Psychology .  Sport psychology is a proficiency that uses psychological knowledge and skills to address optimal performance and well-being of athletes, developmental and social aspects of  sports  participation, and systemic issues associated with  sports  settings and organizations.

3. Psychology and sports-Unit 9 1.Personality, its definition and types Traits and types. 2.Sheldon and Jung’s classification and Big Five theory. 3.Motivation its types and technique. 4.Meaning, concept and types of aggression in sports.

4. Definition of personality “Personality refers to an individual’s characteristic patterns of thought,emotion,and behaviour,together with the psychological mechanisms- hidden or not – behind those patterns.” - DC Funder. “Personality is that quality which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation”. -Cattel

5. Types of Personality

6. Type ‘A’ personality

7. Type ‘B’ personality

8. Type ‘C’ personality .

9. Type ‘D’ personality

10. Personality Traits

11. TYPES OF PERSONALITY Sheldon and Jung’s Classification and Big Five Theory W H Sheldon classified personality of individuals into the following categories 1.Endomorph 2. Mesomorph 3. Ectomorph Jung’s Classification Jung has classified personality on the basis of sociability character as introverts, extrovert and ambiverts . 1.Introverts 2. Extroverts 3. Ambiverts

12. W H Sheldon classified personality of individuals into the following categories 1.Endomorph 2. Mesomorph 3. Ectomorph sonality of individuals into the following categories 1.Endomorph 2. Mesomorph 3. Ectomorph

13. 1. Endomorph : These individuals have short arms and legs. They have rounded physique. Their limbs seem to be shorter because of excessive deposits of adipose tissues. The upper parts of arms and legs are significantly thicker than the lower parts. It is hard for them to lose weight. They have soft body. They have underdeveloped muscles. They have a capacity for high fat storage and become fat easily. In fact, they are more inclined to become obese. They have pear shaped body. Their excessive mass hinders their ability to compete in sports. In fact, sports require high level of agility or speed. Sports and games, which require strength like weightlifting and power-lifting are most suitable for endomorphs

14. 2. Mesomorph: Mesomorphs are categorized as in-between the other two body types and are generally described as muscular. They have athletic physique and balanced body composition. They are able to increase their muscle size quickly and easily. They have well-developed rectangular shaped body. They have thick bones and muscles. Their chest and shoulders are larger and broader in comparison to their waistline. They are physically capable of doing a lot of activities and tend to be athletically aggressive. Generally, they store fat evenly all over their bodies but they can become overweight if they lead sedentary lifestyle and take high calorie diet. They can excel in such sports which require great strength, short bursts of energy and lots of power because they have enough strength, agility and speed. These characteristics make them strong contenders to be the top sportspersons in any sports

15. 3. Ectomorph: The individuals who have an ectomorph body are usually referred to as slim persons because their muscles and limbs are elongated. They have weak constitution of body and usually face great difficulties in gaining weight. They have flat chests and have less muscle mass. The lack of muscle mass creates the impression that they are taller than they really are. They do not have a lot of strength but they dominate the endurance sports because their body type is naturally suited to perform wonderfully in endurance activities. They have a quick metabolism to burn fat. They also have a tendency to stick with what they do best. Their light body constitution makes them suited for aerobic activities like gymnastics

16. Jung’s Classification 1. Introverts: Introverts: These are the persons who share characteristics such as shyness, social withdrawal and tendency to talk less. Owing to these characteristics such persons seem to be self-centered, unable to adjust easily in society or social situations. They are very sensible, rigid in ideas and future oriented

17. Few Traits of Introverts

18. 2. Extroverts : Extroverts have a tendency to be friendly, outgoing, talkative and social in nature. They usually prefer social contacts. They are generous, supportive and courageous. They may be called happy, go, lucky persons. They show interest in present reality than future. They do not have hesitation. They express their feelings openly. They take decision quickly and act upon quickly. They are not affected easily by difficulties and troubles

19. Few Traits of Extroverts

20. 3. Ambiverts: There are only few persons who are pure introverts or pure extroverts. The remaining majority of persons possess both the qualities or traits of introverts and extroverts such persons are called as ambiverts

21. Ambiverts

22. Big Five Personality Theory

23. Big Five Personality Theory It is a well known fact that persons give different response to the same situations. Indeed, the big five factors of personality are the five main domains which define human personality and account for individual differences. These five domains or dimensions of personality are considered to be the fundamental traits that make up an individual’s overall personality .

24. 1. Openness: Persons who like to learn new things, new concepts and enjoy new experiences usually remain on the top in openness. Openness includes traits like being imaginative, insightful and having a variety of interests.

25. 2. Conscientiousness: Persons who have a high degree of conscientiousness are reliable and prompt. Such persons remain organized, systematic, laborious and complete in all respects.

26. 3. Extroversion: Extroverts get their energy from interacting with other individuals, whereas introverts get their energy from within themselves. Extroversion includes the traits of being energetic, talkative and assertive

27. 4. Agreeableness: Such individuals are friendly, cooperative, compatible, kind and gentle. Persons with too much agreeableness may be more distant or aloof. They are usually kind, generous, affectionate and sympathetic .

28. 5. Neuroticism: Neuroticism is also called emotional stability. This domain or dimension relates to one’s emotional stability and the degree of negative emotions. Persons who have high neuroticism usually experience emotional instability and negative emotions. Such individuals remain moody and tense.

29. MEANING, CONCEPT AND TYPES OF AGGRESSION IN SPORTS Meaning and Concept of Aggression In psychology, the term aggression refers to a range of behaviors that can result in both physical and psychological harm to oneself, others or objects in the environment. This type of social interaction centers on harming another individual either physically or mentally. As a matter of fact, most of the persons view aggression as a negative psychological characteristic, however some sports psychologists agree that aggression can enhance sports performance. In fact, aggression in the field of sports and games comes out of frustration, which arises due to goal blockage. Along with this, situational and personal factors play a vital role in causing a person to behave aggressively. It can be seen that aggression comes from a number of sources

30. Motivation Motivation comes from the word ‘Motive’ which is a thought, feeling or condition that causes one to act. Every inaction or action of man is driven by a motive. Human behavior is controlled, directed and modified by certain motives. In sports motivation is the main psychological factor that affects performance. It can be said that motivation is to give reason, enthusiasm or interest to a specific action or behavior. .Acc to Crooks and Stein :-” Any condition that might energize and direct our action is called motivation”. Sage :-” The drive to strive is called motivation ”. It is the force that incites an individual to perform some activities. Motivation alone cannot in some cases assure success, it has to be complimented with skill knowledge, ability and other forces to successfully achieve.  

31. Types of motivation 1.Intrinsic motivation 2.Extrinsic motivation Intrinsic   Motivation. Intrinsic motivation is a type of motivation in which an individual is being motivated by internal desires. ... Extrinsic Motivation . Extrinsic motivation, on the other hand, is a type of motivation in which an individual is being motivated by external desires.

32. Intrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation  is the act of doing something without any obvious external rewards. You do it because it's enjoyable and interesting, rather than because of an outside incentive or pressure to do it, such as a reward or deadline .

33. Extrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation is reward-driven behavior. It's a type of operant conditioning. ... In extrinsic motivation, rewards or other incentives — like praise, fame, or money — are used as motivation for specific activities.  external factors drive this form of motivation .

34. Techniques of motivation 1.Goal setting 2.Healthy positive environment 3.Spectators 4.Positive attitude 5.Music 6.Presence of the opposite sex 7.Rewards…….

35. Techniques of motivation 1.Goal setting

36. Techniques of motivation 2.Healthy positive environment

37. Techniques of motivation 2.Healthy positive environment

38. Techniques of motivation Spectators

39. Techniques of motivation Positive attitude

40. Aggression in Sports

41. Aggression- Meaning,concept and types  In sports, aggression means the desire to harm another player which is not within the laws of the game. For example, pushing another player over a game in football or using abusive language for other players or teams. Aggression . ...  Aggression  is overt or covert, often harmful, social interaction with the intention of inflicting damage or other unpleasantness upon another individual. It may occur either reactively or without provocation. In  sport ,  aggression  is a characteristic that can have many negative as well as positive effects on performance.  Aggression  is  defined  as “any form of behaviour directed toward the goal of harming of injuring another live being who is motivated to avoid such treatment” (Baron & Richardson, 1994).

42. What is Aggression ? Aggression is any behaviour intended to harm another individual or object by physical or verbal means.:-Bull Aggression is a set of behaviours that are likely to ,or have the potential to, cause harm to others, or intended to cause harm and are goal directed.:-Berkowitz

43. 1.“Aggression is a behaviour with a goal harming or injuring another being motivated to avoid such treatment .” This definition raises certain points: (i) Aggression is behaviour. Thinking negative thoughts being angry is not aggression. (ii) Aggression is intentional behaviour. Accidental harm is not aggression. (iii) Aggression involves harm or injury. (iv) Aggression involves living beings.

44. 2. “ any form of behaviour directed towards the goal of harming or injuring another living being who in motivated to avoid such treatment.” (Baron and Richardson) 3. “ Aggression is noun that is generally defined as an act of aggressive behaviour.” 4. Baron and Richardson who define, “ Any form of behaviour towards the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment.”

45. 5. Berkowitz summarised that two factors are required to classify a behaviour as showing aggression. ( i ) The behaviour must be directed at another human being with the goal of causing some form of physical harm. ( ii) The behaviour must show a reasonable expectation that the attempt to inflict harm will be successful

46. Aggression in sports

47. Types of Aggression in Sports 1. Hostile Aggression: Hostile aggression is inflicting or causing harm whether it is physical or psychological on someone else. It is sometimes referred as reactive aggression and can be accompanied by anger. In hostile aggression, the main aim is to cause injury to other sportsperson. The intention is on causing pain and suffering. In simple words, hostile aggression is when the primary aim is to cause physical harm or injury to your opponent. A good example of hostile aggression is a bowler throwing a bouncer to deliberately shake up the concentration of a batsman. Some cricketers have deliberately done this in the past with the intent towards causing injury .

48. 2. Instrumental Aggression: Instrumental aggression is displaying aggressive behaviour in the pursuit of a non-aggressive goal, It is also known as channelled aggression and is not accompanied by anger. This type of aggression comes in contact sports. In other words, instrumental aggression is behaviour that has the intent to hurt in order to achieve money, praise or victory. In case of instrumental aggression an athlete may intend to injure the opponent, but the most important goal to be achieved by the aggressive act is to win the competition. For example, a rugby player using aggression to tackle his opponent to win the ball. Actually the player is not using his aggression to hurt the opponent but rather to win the ball back.

49. Instrumental Aggression

50. 3. Assertive Behaviour Assertive behaviour is different type of aggression/aggressive behaviour. This is defined as behaviour that involves the use of legitimate physical or verbal force to achieve one’s purpose. For example, sledging in cricket to cause psychological discomfort for the batsman. For an act to be assertive it must be goal directed with no specific intention to harm with the use of legitimate force with no rules broken. In assertive aggression or assertive behaviour, the intention is to

51. 3. Assertive Behaviour

52. establish dominance rather than to harm the opponent. Any physical injury that may occur through assertive behaviour is accidental and unintentional. In fact, assertive behaviour is related to four main criteria i.e., it is goal oriented, not intended to harm, uses only legitimate force and does not break any rule of the game or sport. Even when coaches say to their players to be aggressive they mean to say that they be assertive.