Public Speaking presentation introduction

Public Speaking presentation

1. Public Speaking Module 1: Introduction to Public Speaking

2. Module Learning Outcomes Outline the fundamental elements, skills, and goals of Public Speaking 1.1: Explain the goals and benefits of public speaking 1.2: Recognize communication apprehension and explain how to reduce it 1.3: Describe how public speaking can be used to advocate or create change 1.4: Recognize the social and historical contexts of speech, oratory, and rhetoric

3. Speaking Effectively

4. Learning Outcomes: Speaking Effectively 1.1: Explain the goals and benefits of public speaking 1.1.1: Explain the benefits of public speaking in your education, your personal life, and your career 1.1.2: Understand the process of communicating with others 1.1.3: Describe the fundamental elements of a speech 1.1.4: Identify the main differences between writing a paper and delivering a speech 1.1.5: Outline the goals of a speech

5. Benefits of Public Speaking Education Career Personal Research Effectively Be a More Effective Leader Inspire People Make Stronger Arguments Develop Problem-Solving and Critical Thinking Skills Grow Your Confidence Organize Your Ideas Hone Presentation Skills Be a Better Listener Increase Confidence in Class Participation Become a Powerful Advocate

6. What is Communication? Communication Defined: The act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another using mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic rules Miscommunication Defined: When the intended meaning of a communication does not match the way the message is interpreted

7. Models of Communication Linear Model of Communication (Shannon 1948) Communication moves linearly and one-directional: from source to destination Emphasized transmission of the signal over the meaning of the message Disruption of transmitted signal is called NOISE Used by Bell in developing the telephone Transactional Model of Communication (Barnlund 1970) Communication is a two-way process Meaning is created at multiple points within the process Meaning is co-created simultaneously by both communicators Encoding/Decoding Model(Hall 1973) Cultural, political, and economic contexts influence how messages are produced and received Decoding a message determines meaning as much as encoding Used to analyze television discourse

8. Creation of Meaning Communicators Message Channel Feedback Interference Context Encode Decode Verbal Nonverbal In-person Mediated Verbal Nonverbal Internal Noise External Noise Situation Relationship Setting

9. Class Discussion: Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of communicating through each channel In-person Phone Radio Email TV/Internet Broadcast Video Chat Text Social Media

10. Goals of a Speech To Inform Overcome confusion, clarify misunderstanding, learn new information To Persuade Change attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, or policy To Entertain Form a connection with the audience through emotion for its own sake To Commemorate a person, occasion, or event Build an emotional connection between audience and person, occasion, or event

11. Writing a Paper Vs Delivering a Speech Audience Context Content Source Citations Visual Aids Speaker Delivery Paper Asynchronous Reader is expected to adapt to writer Physical environment does not matter Visually organized More detail Elevated language Proper grammar Formal APA/MLA style guidelines for internal citations Used to convey complex data or visual information Charts, graphs, illustrations Only conveyed through writing style Judged on quality of what is written regardless of author’s emotional or physical state Speech Synchronous Speaker is expected to adapt to audience Physical environment and time of day are important Simplified language Vivid imagery and anecdotes Clear and repetitive transitions Abbreviated spoken citations Used to illustrate an idea, evoke emotion, summarize data, or draw attention PowerPoint, objects, pictural representation Conveyed through appearance, dress, posture, confidence, delivery style, energy level Verbal and nonverbal cues set the tone and engage the audience.

12. Class Activity : Synchronous and Asynchronous Communicators Break into 6 groups Your group will be assigned 1 of the elements in the creation of meaning 5 minutes: Use your respective element, to discuss how the creation of meaning may change between a synchronous and an asynchronous audience 5 minutes: Brainstorm adaptations you might make in your communication to accommodate the differences in synchronous and asynchronous audiences Share with the class Communicators Message Channel Feedback Interference Context Encode Decode Verbal Nonverbal In-person Mediated Verbal Nonverbal Internal Noise External Noise Situation Relationship Setting

13. Elements of a Speech

14. Practice Question 1 Which model of communication asserts that the creation of meaning occurs at multiple points within the process? Encoding/Decoding Model Linear Model of Communication Interactive Communication Process Transactional Model of Communication

15. Practice Question 2 What is the goal of a graduation keynote speech? To Inform To Persuade To Entertain To Commemorate

16. LO: Speaking Confidently

17. Learning Outcomes: Speaking Confidently 1.2: Recognize communication apprehension and explain how to reduce it 1.2.1: Define communication apprehension 1.2.2: Explain what causes communication apprehension 1.2.3: Understand ways to reduce your own apprehension

18. Communication Apprehension Communication Apprehension Defined: Anxiety or fear related to real or anticipated communication with others TRAIT: Anxious across most communication scenarios SITUATIONAL: Anxiety over a particular situation at a particular time Adrenaline “Fight or Flight” hormone Shortness of breath Pounding heartbeat Dizziness Vision changes Sweating Shaking Blushing Shaky voice Speaking quickly

19. Causes of Communication Apprehension Fear of Failure Feeling Different or Inferior to the Audience High Stakes Uncertainty Being the Center of Attention

20. Reducing Communication Apprehension Preparation Positivity Practice Conduct Audience Analysis Focus on message, not yourself Talk through your speech until you are familiar with it Visit performance space to learn A/V setup, acoustics, and room layout Do vocal warm-ups, breathing exercises, and physical relaxers Practice the same way you will deliver your speech Ask questions about expectations, logistics Remember the audience wants you to do well Practice in chunks before doing full run-throughs Research topic thoroughly Use positive self-talk Practice in front of many different types of audiences Prepare physically and mentally Visualize your speech going well Time every run-through Prepare and practice using speaking notes Practice without any speaking notes Identify your own strengths and weaknesses

21. Practice Question 3 Feeling as though you haven’t prepared enough is an example of which cause of communication apprehension? Feeling different or inferior to the audience Uncertainty Fear of Failure High Stakes

22. Practice Question 4 Which preparation step is useful to reduce one’s fear of uncertainty? Focus on your message, not yourself Visit performance space and learn about the A/V setup Practice without any speaking notes to get familiar with your speech Use positive self-talk

23. Speaking Powerfully

24. Learning Outcomes: Speaking Powerfully 1.3: Describe how public speaking can be used to advocate or create change 1.3.1: Outline public speaking as a form of advocacy or civic engagement 1.3.2: Describe how public speaking can create change in a community

25. 3 Tasks of Civic Agency The Ideal civic agent carries out all 3 of tasks: Disinterested Deliberation Citizens gathered in an assembly Polite and respectful discourse and debate Prophetic frame shifting: Intended to shift a society’s values Songs, books, signs, essays, speeches Fair Fighting/Activist Transparent interest Public actor for legal change Pursues cause passionately

26. Civic Engagement Civic Engagement: Move beyond social circles Speak to oppositional and undecided audiences Advocacy: Identify what you hope to accomplish Ask audience to consider our ideas, take action, find solutions, support a policy

27. Civic Agency Civic Engagement Advocacy

28. Creating Community Change Action 1: Unify Action 2: Develop Specific Calls to Action Action 3: Identify who needs to hear your speech Action 4: Put yourself on the agenda

29. Practice Question 5 Attending a conference to discuss the potential benefits and drawbacks of a new energy bill is an example of which type of civic agency? Advocacy Prophetic Frame Shifting Fair Fighting Activist Disinterested Discourse

30. Public Speaking through History

31. Learning Outcomes: Public Speaking through History 1.4: Recognize the social and historical contexts of speech, oratory, and rhetoric 1.4.1: Recognize the roots of modern rhetoric in ancient cultures 1.4.2: Recognize the variety of approaches to rhetoric and oratory in different times and cultures 1.4.3: Explain how social movements in the U.S. have used public speaking to advance their causes 1.4.4: Identify how new technologies change the context of public communication

32. Rhetorical Influence on Society throughout History Set Societal Behavioral Standards Exploration of Truth and Ethics Create and Change Government Preserve and Advance Culture Ancient Mesopotamia Greece & Rome *Plato’s Dialectic Aristotle European Renaissance Ancient Egypt Francis Bacon Griots (Mali) Indigenous North America Confucius Middle East & Islam: The Decisive Treatise Aztecs

33. Influential Theory to Modern Public Speaking Aristotle (Greece) Ethos, Pathos, Logos Cicero (Rome) 5 Canons of Rhetoric: invention, arrangement, style, memory, delivery Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Qazwini (Middle East) Al-balāgha ‘llm al-ma’ani: the science of meanings ‘ilm al-bayan: the science of clarity ‘llm al-badi: the science of ornamentation

34. Public Speaking and US Social Movements Religious Movement – The Great Awakening (18th – 19 th century) Evangelical Preaching, traveling preachers Fiery, emotionally evocative style United religious fractions into one evangelical umbrella Established first black congregations and churches Abolitionism Frederick Douglass “What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?” Women’s Suffrage Sojourner Truth “Ain’t I a Woman?” Introduction of specific, individual, and relatable examples The Labor Movement Mother Jones - César Estrada Chávez – National Farm Workers Association Organized consumer boycotts Civil Rights The March on Washington Decentralized Movements #MeToo BLM

35. Technologies of Public Communication The Printing Press (1440) Made information available to a wider audience Rise in literacy Radio (1900) Political Broadcasts Reached a national audience Vocal quality matters Television (1945) Primary medium for influencing public opinion Presidential debates Appearance matters Internet (2000) Removed the “gatekeepers” in mass communication Widest audience ever Trolls Social Media

36. Practice Question 6 Which technology of public communication has eliminated “gatekeepers”? Television Printing Press Radio Internet

37. Class Discussion : Is the Medium the Message? Consider the different mediums in which you consume information Social Media Television Blogs Websites Friends and Family Books What role does the medium of the message influence how you interpret meaning?

38. Quick Review Becoming and effective public speaker benefits your education, career, and personal life Communication Models have evolved to study the creation of meaning through 6 main elements: Communicators Message Channel Feedback Interference Context Almost everyone feels communication apprehension at some point and can reduce it by understanding its causes, manifestations, and taking appropriate steps to reduce it Public Speakers can become civic agents by engaging in 3 tasks Disinterested Discourse Prophetic Frame Shifting Fair Fighting Activist Rhetoric and Public Speaking has been studied and used to influence societies since Ancient Mesopotamia Set societal behavioral standards and ethics Seek to uncover truth Create and change government Preserve and advance culture Evolving Technology has created wider audiences and shaped the rhetoric of Public Communication