Purified water

PURIFIED WATER (IP-2006)

1. Presented by: S. ArunKumar , 1 st Year, Pharm D, JKKN College of Pharmacy, Kumarapalayam . PURIFIED WATER (IP-2006)

2. ( i ) Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry by Bently and Driver’s. (ii) Textbook of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry By V. N. Rajasekaran . (iii) Textbook of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry By G. R. Chatwal . (iv) Textbook of Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry By P. Gundu Rao . (v) Textbook of Principle of Inorganic Chemistry by Late B. R. Puri , L. R. Shama , K. C. Kalia . REFERENCE:

3. Refer net websides : ( i ) https://www.slideshare.net/mszennie/water-analysis-31234955 (ii) https://www.slideshare.net/chewmeyellow/water-analysis-for-drinking-water (iii) https://www.slideshare.net/ManikantanGangathara/water-analysis-test-method (iv) https://www.slideshare.net/pharmaguideline/purified-water-system-in-pharmaceuticals (v) https://www.slideshare.net/03064049291/water-analysis REFERENCE:

4. Molecular Formula: H 2 O Molecular weight : 18g/mole Category: Pharmaceutical Aid PURIFIED WATER (IP-2006)

5. Purified water is obtained from two major sources namely: (i) Natural source (ii) Filterate source (or) Artificial source Method Of Preparation:

6. Natural Source: (i) Glacier (ii) Ice bergs (iii) Rain

7. Glacier

8. Rain which promotes water bodies and water cycle

9. (i) D i stillation (ii) R everse O smosis (iii) Ion- E xchange T reatment Artifical source

10. Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by selective boiling and condensation Distillation

11. A Process by which a solvent passes through a porous membrane in the direction opposite to that for natural osmosis when subjected to a hydrostatic pressure greater than the osmotic pressure. (or) Reverse Osmosis is one of the process of water purification technology that uses a semipermeable membrane to remove ions, molecules and larger particles from drinking water. Reverse Osmosis

12. Reverse Osmosis

13. ADVANTAGES OF ION-EXCHANGE TREATMENT: (i) Removed dissolved contaminants (ii) Involving the water softening process Ion – Exchange Treatment

14. Ion – Exchange treatment

15. A. Physical Aspects : 1 . Taste 2 . Odour 3 . Colour 4 . Turbidity 5 . pH B . Chemical Aspects: 1. Arsenic 2. Cadmium 3 . Lead 4 . Benzene 5 . Iron 6 . Manganese 7 . Chloride 8 . Sulfate ** Chlorine Residual WATER ANALYSIS

16. C. Radiological Aspects: 1 . Gross Alpha Activity 2 . Gross Beta Activity 3 . Radon D. Microbiological Aspects: 1 . Multiple Tube Fermentation Technique 2 . Membrane Filter Technique 3 . Chromogenic Substrate Test 4 . Heterotrophic Plate Count WATER ANALYSIS

17. (i) Refers to the gustatory sensations: ◦ Bitter – caffeine ( Strong coffee) ◦ Salty – sodium chloride (Chlorinated water ) ◦ Sour – citric acid (lemon juice ) ◦ Sweet – sugar (syrup) (ii) Flavor – gustatory, olfactory and trigeminal sensations (iii) Methods : ◦ Sensory Evaluation Technique (iv) Only used on samples known to be safe for ingestion (v) Standard: No Objectionable Taste 1. TASTE

18. (i) Affected by organic and inorganic chemicals present in water. (ii) Provide qualitative descriptions of odour intensity. (ii) Method: Sensory Evaluation Technique (iii) Standard: No Objectionable Odour 2. ODOUR

19. (i) True Colour : ◦ Colour of water from which the turbidity has been removed ◦ Standard : NMT ≦ 5 Colour Units (ii) Apparent Colour ◦ Colour due to substances in the solution and suspended matter ◦ Contributed principally by colloidal or suspended material (iii) Standard : NMT ≦ 10 Colour Units (iv) Methods: Visual Comparison Colorimetry Method. 3. COLOUR

20. (i) Caused by suspended and colloidal material : (i) Clay (ii) Silt finely divided organic and inorganic matter, plankton and other microbes. (ii) Method: Turbidimetry (r) Precipitation Method (r) Argentrometric method. (iii) Standard : 5 NTU 4. TURBIDITY

21. (I) Acidity: ◦ Attributed to the presence of strong mineral acids and weak acids and hydrolases salts such as iron and aluminum sulfate. ◦ Contribute to corrosiveness and influence chemical rates, chemical speciation and biological processes. (ii) Alkalinity: ◦ Refers to the acid-neutralizing capacity of water ◦ Attributed to the carbonate, bicarbonate and hydroxide content and borates, phosphates and silicates or other bases (iii) Method: Electrometric method (pH meter) (iv) Standard: 6.5 to 8.5 5. pH

22. (i) Various forms of chemicals are present in drinking water that may lead to some health problems. Inorganic constituents: (i) Arsenic (ii) lead (iii) chromium (iv) cadmium Suspected carcinogens: Organic constituents: ◦ Due to decomposition of organic wastes, domestic, agricultural, industrial wastes, water treatment by organic byproducts. CHEMICAL ASPECTS

23. Source : (i) Presence of arsenic in water is due to mineral dissolution, industrial discharges, A pplication of pesticides.  Health Effects : S evere P oisoning and Carcinogenic  Methods : (i) Inductively Couple Plasma/Mass Spectrophotometry ; (ii) Hydride G eneration Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ; (iii) Silver Diethyldithiocarbamate Method, (iv) Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (Graphite furnace AAS)  Standard : NMT ≦ 0.05 mg/L Arsenic (As)

24. (i) Extremely toxic and accumulate in the kidneys and liver. (ii) Causes dysfunction of the kidneys. Methods : (i) Inductively Couple Plasma/Mass Spectrophotometry (ICP/MS ), (ii) Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS) Standard : NMT ≦ 0.003 mg/L Cadium (cd)

25. (i) SOURCE: (i) Presence in water supply comes from industrial, mine and smelts discharges or from the dissolution of plumbing and plumbing fixtures. (ii) It is Toxic and cumulative poison (ii) Method : (i) Inductively Couple Plasma/Mass Spectrophotometry (ICP/MS ). (ii) Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS), (iii) Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (EAAS ). (iv) Anodic Stripping Voltammetry; Dithizone (iv) Standard : NMT ≦ 0.01 mg/L LEAD

26. (i) Results with high contamination from human or animal waste  Methods : (i) Cd Reduction Method , (ii) Capillary Ion Electrophoresis Colorimetric Method (Diazotization); (iii) Flow Injection Analysis  Standard : NMT ≦ 0.01 mg/L NITRATE(NO 3 )

27. (i) Presence is due to industrial effluents, atmospheric pollution due to vehicular emissions.  Method: (i) Gas Chromatography (ii) Mass Spectrophotometry  Standard : NMT ≦ 0.01 mg/L BENZENE

28. (i) Elevated iron levels can cause stains in plumbing, laundry, and cooking utensils. (ii) Imparts objectionable taste and colour . (iii) Ferrous state -> oxidized -> ferric state (reddish precipitate ) Method : (i) Phenanthroline Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. (ii) Colorimetric Method. Standard: NMT ≦ 0.01 mg/L IRON(Fe)

29. (i) Elevated manganese can cause stains in plumbing, laundry, cooking utensils. (ii) Mn2+ -> oxidized -> MnO2 black precipitate.  Methods : (i) Perf o rate Method , (ii) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry , (iii) Inductively Color Plasma Spectrophotometry (iv) Mass Spectrophotometry  Standard : NMT≦ 0.04 mg/L Manganese( Mn )

30. (i) Major inorganic anions in water. (ii) Produces salty taste if the cation is sodium. (iii) High chloride content may harm metallic pipes and structures.  Method : Argentrometric Method, IP.  Standard: NMT ≦ 250 mg/L. Chloride ( Cl )

31. (i) Occurs naturally in water  Method : (i) Turbidimetric Method (ii) Ion Chromatography (iii) Gravimetric Method  Standard : NMT ≦ 250 mg/L Sulfate

32. (i)Chlorine if not within limits may produce adverse effects. (ii) Taste and color of water is intensified. (iii) Potential organic chloroform may be form in the process of chlorination.  Methods : (i) Iodometric (ii) Amperometric Titrations (iii) DPD Colorimetric Method  Standard: 0.3 to 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Residual

33. Assay of Purified Water

34. One useful and often used way of determining the concentration of a chemical in a solution, if it has a colour , is to measure the intensity of the colour and relate the intensity of the colour to the concentration of the solution. Colorimetry & Spectrophotometry

35. A Computerized Way to Conduct Water Quality Analysis while using Light to Analyze the Intensity of Chemical Reactivity. The results are direct readings. The LaMotte SMART 2 Colorimeter

36. The entire multi-LED optical system is embedded in the light chamber and optimized for LaMotte test reagent systems. Wavelengths are set (preprogrammed for 50 tests). Can standardize with sample water and run multiple tests. Features of the Colorimeter

37. It focuses on these wavelengths of light…430nm, 520nm, 570nm, 620nm Specific chemical testing is done with kits that are colorimetric – producing a color intensive reaction The meter measures the intensity of the color and calculates most values in parts per million (ppm) How it works?

38. pH is a measure of the increase of Hydrogen ions in water Additional carbon dioxide in freshwater can decrease the pH, making the water body more acidic (dissolved gases) Runoff including the addition on ions in water is also important (i.e. – phosphates, chlorides, etc… that are dissolved solids) Chemical Factors: pH

39. Using a meter “Calibrate the probe and meter according to the manufacturer’s directions. Use of two buffers (pH 7 and 10) for calibration is recommended .” Measuring pH

40. Old pH meter

41. Dissolved Oxygen is sometimes referred to as DO The titration method to measure DO is called the Winkler Titration Once you get to the fixed stage, it could be analyzed using the colorimeter Titration for O 2

42. The Winkler Method uses titration to determine dissolved oxygen in the water sample. A sample bottle is filled completely with water (no air is left to skew the results). The dissolved oxygen in the sample is then "fixed" by adding a series of reagents that form an acid compound that is then titrated with a neutralizing compound that results in a colour change. The point of colour change is called the " endpoint" which coincides with the dissolved oxygen concentration in the sample. Dissolved oxygen analysis is best done in the field, as the sample will be less altered by atmospheric equilibration. How does the Winkler Method Work?

43. Dissolved oxygen analysis can be used to determine : (i) The health or cleanliness of a lake or stream, T he a mount and type of biomass a freshwater system can support. The amount of decomposition occurring in the lake or stream. Applications

44. The Hydrometer is an accurate way to determine salinity if done correctly It measures the specific gravity of water which is then converted to salinity according to temperature It is calibrated at 60F and 60 PPT. Hydrometer

45. Refractometer It works well with good light, but should be used in indirect sunlight. Depending on the model, the units are hard to read accurately. Some are calibrated at 20 C and 20 PPT.

46. Conductivity: Meter Measuring the conductivity is an accurate way to determine salinity. Conductivity of ions is measured using the following two units… Freshwater = micro Siemens ( u S ) Saltwater = milli Siemens ( mS )

47. Labelling : Mostly used in laboratory only. Storage: Stored in well closed container.