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1. Lesson 2: Data Garthering Instrument and Analysis Procedures Presented by: Ma’am Rachel

2. Types of Data Collection 1. Primary Data Collection is the gathering of raw data collected at the source. It is a process of collecting the original data collected by a researcher for a specific research purpose. It could be further analyzed into two segments; qualitative research and quantitative data collection methods.

3. Types of Data Collection 2 . Secondary Data Collection is referred to as the gathering of second-hand data collected by an individual who is not the original user. It is the process of collecting data that is already existing, be it already published books, journals and/or online portals. In terms of ease,it is much less expensive and easier to collect

4. Qualitative Research Method The qualitative research methods of data collection do not involve the collection of data that involves numbers or a need to be deduced through a mathematical calculation, rather it is based on the non-quantifiable elements like the feeling or emotion of the researcher. An example of such a method is an open-ended questionnaire.

5. Qualitative Research Method 1. Experiment 2. Surveys (sample surveys or census surveys) 3. Interview is a data collection strategy in which participants are asked to talk about the area under consideration. 4. Observation by the observer or by personally going to the field. 5. Questionnaire - set of questions

6. Steps for An Effective Interview •Prepare interview schedule • Select subjects/ key Respondent • Conduct the interview • Analyze and interpret data collected from the intervie

7. Classifications of Interview A. Structured Interviews: In this case, a set of pre-decided questions are there. B. Unstructured Interviews: In this case, we don’t follow a system of predetermined questions. C. Focused Interviews: Attention is focused on the given experience of the respondent and its possible effects.

8. D. Clinical Interviews: Concerned with broad underlying feelings or motivations or with the course of an individual’s life experience. E. Group Interviews: a group of 6 to 8 individuals is interviewed. F. Qualitative and quantitative Interviews: divided on the basis of subject matter i.e.,whether qualitative or quantitative.

9. G. Individual Interviews: Interviewer meets a single person and interviews him. H. Selection Interviews: Done for selection of people for certain Jobs

10. Observation is a method under which data from the field is collected with the help of observation by the observer or by personally going to the field.

11. Steps for an Effective Observation • Determine what needs to be observed • Select participants • Random/Selected • Conduct the observation (venue, duration, recording materials, take photographs) • Compile data collected • Analyze and interpret data collected

12. Classification of Observation 1. Structured observation - standardized conditions of observation and the selection of related data of observation. 2. Unstructured Observation 3. Participant Observation - happens when the observer is member of the group which he is observing. 4. Non-Participant Observation- occurs when observer is observing people without giving any information to them.

13. Questionnaire is predefined set of questions, assembled is a pre-determined order. It is handy when the researcher is trying to collect information from large numbers of people.

14. Steps For An Effective Questionnaire • Prepare questions (Formulate & choose types of questions, order them, write instructions, make copies) • Select your respondents (Random/Selected) • Administer the questionnaire(date, venue, time) • Tabulate data collected • Analyze and interpret data collected

15. Classifications of Questionnaire A. Open-ended questions give the respondents the ability to respond in their own words. B. Close-ended questions - Dichotomous questions and Multiple questions

16. Qualitative Data Analysis: The data obtained through this method consists of words, pictures, symbols and observations. This type of analysis refers to the procedures and processos that are utilzod for the analysis of data to provide some level of understanding, explanation or interpretation. Unlike the quantitative analysis, no statistical approaches are used to collect and analyze this data,

17. Qualitative data refers to non-numeric information such as interview transcripts, notes, video and audio recordings, images and text documents.

18. Five Categories of Qualitative data analysis 1. Content analysis. This refers to the process of categorizing verbal or behavioural data to classify, summarize and tabulate the data 2. Narrative analysis. This method involves the reformulation of stories presented by respondents taking into account context of each case and different experiences of each respondent. In other words, narrative analysis is the revision of primary qualitative data by researcher

19. 3. Discourse analysis. A method of analysis of naturaly occurring talk and all types of written text 4. Framework analysis. This is more advanced method that consists of several stages such as as familiarization, identifying a thematic framework, coding, charting, mapping and interpretation

20. 5. Grounded theory. This method of qualitative data analysis storts with an analysis of a single case to formulate a theory. Then, additional cases are examined to see if they contribute to the theory.

21. Activity 1: What the PICS TELL Directions: Label the pictures with the correct research instrument being shown.

22. Key Answers: 1. Interview 2. Questionnaire 3. Observation 4. Survey 5. Experiment

23. Activity 2 Topic: A. Research Design: B. Research Instrument: C. Data Gathering Procedures: D. Respondents:

24. Thank you!